Molgula
| Molgula | |
|---|---|
| |
| Molgula oculata; a) branchial orifice; b) atrial orifice | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Subphylum: | Tunicata |
| Class: | Ascidiacea |
| Order: | Stolidobranchia |
| Family: | Molgulidae |
| Genus: | Molgula |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Molgula, or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.[1]
They are translucent with two protruding siphons. They are found subtidally, attached to slow-moving submerged objects or organisms. All species of Molgula have a fluid-filled structure called the renal sac.[2] The renal sac contains nitrogenous wastes, solid concretions composed of weddellite and calcite,[3] and an apicomplexan symbiont called Nephromyces.[4]
In the western Atlantic Ocean, they range from the Arctic to North Carolina, to the center of the United States Eastern Seaboard.[5]
Species[]
- Oka, 1914
- (Codreanu & Mack-Fira, 1956)
- Millar, 1967
- Heller, 1877
- Stimpson, 1852
- (Herdman, 1910)
- (Hartmeyer, 1912)
- Monniot, 1989
- (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877)
- Monniot, 1994
- Millar, 1958
- Monniot & Monniot, 1976
- Sluiter, 1904
- Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1988
- (Michaelsen, 1914)
- Millar, 1975
- Monniot, C., 1970
- Molgula citrina Alder & Hancock, 1848
- Monniot & Monniot, 1977
- Alder & Hancock, 1870
- Sluiter, 1898
- (Sluiter, 1912)
- Sluiter, 1898
- (Huntsman, 1912)
- Sluiter, 1904
- Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1988
- Millar, 1962
- Hartmeyer, 1903
- Monniot, 1972
- Monniot & Monniot, 1991
- Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1974
- Monniot & Andrade, 1983
- Millar, 1988
- (Savigny, 1816)
- Millar, 1975
- Kott, 1972
- Millar, 1960
- Kott, 1972
- Kott, 2008
- (Sluiter, 1912)
- Redikorzev, 1941
- Monniot & Monniot, 1983
- Traustedt, 1883
- Herdman, 1923
- Drasche, 1884
- Millar, 1955
- (Macdonald, 1859)
- Sluiter, 1904
- Monniot & Monniot, 1984
- Michaelsen, 1922
- (Cunningham, 1871)
- (MacLeay, 1825)
- Van Name, 1945
- Oka, 1914
- Drasche, 1884
- Brewin, 1958
- Monniot F. 1965
- Herdman, 1910
- Oka, 1932
- Heller, 1877
- Kott, 1985
- Hartmeyer, 1906
- Monniot & Monniot, 2003
- Kott, 1954
- Hartmeyer, 1901
- Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1928
- Michaelsen, 1900
- Redikorzev, 1941
- Sluiter, 1904
- Monniot, 2002
- Millar, 1982
- Herdman, 1923
- Kott, 1954
- Arnback, 1938
- Molgula manhattensis (De Kay, 1843)
- Millar, 1960
- Kott, 1971
- (Ärnbäck, 1931)
- Herdman, 1899
- Peres, 1949
- (Michaelsen, 1922)
- Lambert, 1993
- (Michaelsen, 1912)
- Molgula occidentalis Traustedt, 1883
- Molgula occulta Kupffer, 1875
- Molgula oculata Forbes, 1848
- Tokioka, 1949
- Ritter, 1913
- (Huntsman, 1912)
- Herdman, 1881
- Monniot, 1970
- Monniot & Monniot, 1983
- Monniot & Monniot, 1985
- Monniot, C., 1971
- Van Name, 1945
- Hartmeyer, 1914
- (Monniot, 1970)
- Redikorzev, 1941
- Van Name, 1945
- Herdman, 1898
- Michaelsen, 1900
- Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1976
- Herdman, 1881
- Oka, 1914
- Ritter, 1907
- Verrill, 1871
- (Pérès, 1956)
- F. Monniot, 2011
- (Herdman, 1906)
- Kott, 1972
- Monniot & Monniot, 1983
- (Van Name, 1912)
- Hartmeyer, 1903
- Oka, 1914
- Monniot C., 1969
- (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
- Monniot, 1970
- Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1993
- Millar, 1955
- Arnback, 1938
- Nishikawa, 1982
- Alder & Hancock, 1870
- Kiaer, 1896
- Alder, 1850
- (Michaelsen, 1922)
- Alder, 1863
- (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877)
- Millar, 1988
- Kott, 1972
- Kott, 1954
- Monniot & Monniot, 1976
- Michaelsen, 1923
- Herdman, 1906
- Nishikawa, 1991
- Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1974
- Monniot & Monniot, 1987
- (Orstedt, 1844)
- Sanamyan, 1993
- (Tokioka, 1949)
- Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1979
- Monniot, 1978
- (Van Name, 1912)
- Ritter & Forsyth, 1917
- Oka, 1914
References[]
- ^ a b Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira Da Rocha, Billie J. Swalla, Xavier Turon (2012) Ascidiacea World Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=103509 on 2012-02-26
- ^ Van Name, Willard Gibbs (1945). "The North and South American ascidians". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 84. hdl:2246/1186.
- ^ Saffo, Mary Beth; Lowenstam, Heinz A. (1978-06-09). "Calcareous Deposits in the Renal Sac of a Molgulid Tunicate". Science. 200 (4346): 1166–1168. doi:10.1126/science.200.4346.1166. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17745108. S2CID 33253067.
- ^ "Malaria, Sea Grapes, and Kidney Stones: A Tale of Parasites Lost - The Loom". The Loom. 2010-08-24. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
- ^ Andrew J. Martinez (2003). Marine Life of the North Atlantic: Canada to New England. Aqua Quest Publications. ISBN 9781881652328. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
Further reading[]
- Howson, C. M.; Picton, B. E. (Ed.) (1997). The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas. Ulster Museum Publication, 276. The Ulster Museum: Belfast, UK. ISBN 0-948150-06-8. vi, 508 (+ cd-rom) pp.
- Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidiacea & Sorberacea, in: Costello, M. J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 352–355
- Sanamyan, K. (2007). Database of extant Ascidiacea. Version of 2 November 2007
Categories:
- Stolidobranchia
- Tunicate genera