Monadofilosa

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Monadofilosa
Cercomonas sp.jpg
Cercomonas
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
(unranked):
SAR
(unranked):
Rhizaria
Phylum:
Cercozoa
Subphylum:
Filosa
Superclass:
Monadofilosa

Cavalier-Smith, 1997
Classes
  • Sarcomonadea (paraphyletic)
  • Silicofilosea
  • Thecofilosea

Monadofilosa is a grouping of Cercozoa.[1] (It is sometimes considered one of three, the other two being Phytomyxa and Reticulofilosa.)[citation needed] These organisms are single-celled amoeboid protists.

Classification[]

Monadofilosa includes the testaceans, which are testate filose amoeboids, and the cercomonads.

It is sometimes described as Testaceafilosia and Sarcomonadea.[2]

It has also been described as Sarcomonadea (Cercomonas, Heteromita, Bodomorpha, Proleptomonas, Allantion), Thecofilosea (Cryptodifflugia, Cryothecomonas), Spongomonadea (Spongomonas, Rhipidodendron), and Imbricatea (Thaumatomonas, Thaumatomastix, , Gyromitus, Euglypha, Trinema, Paulinella).[3]

  • The testaceans live both in marine and freshwater habitats, and in mosses. Members include Lecythium, Pseudodifflugia, Euglypha (a euglyphid), and Paulinella chromatophora.
  • Cercomonads are flagellates that glide on their posterior cilium and/or generate filopodia. Members of this group contain Cryothecomonas, Thaumatomonas, which is covered with siliceous scales, and Cercomonas, which is naked. Cercomonas contains several species that show exhibit amoeboid movement, such as the testate amoeba Cyphoderia, and the flagellate Cryothecomonas.

Monadofilosa is sometimes treated as a superclass rather than a subphylum.

Sainouron has been grouped in Monadofilosa.[4]

Phylogeny[]

Phylogeny based on Bass et al. 2009,[5] Howe et al. 2011[6] and Bass et al. 2016.[7]

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

Cercomonadida

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 
Thecofilosea
 

Tectofilosida

 
Phaeodaria
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

Cryomonadida

 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 

Ebriida

 
 
 
 
 
Silicofilosea
 

 
 

 
 
 

 
 

Thaumatomonadida

 
 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 

Euglyphida

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sarcomonadea
(paraphyletic)

Taxonomy[]

  • Infraphylum Monadofilosa Cavalier-Smith 1997 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith & Oates 2012 [Eoglissa Cavalier-Smiths 2012][8]
    • Family ? Cavalier-Smith 2012
    • Order ?
    • Order Cercomonadida Poche 1913 emend. Karpov et al. 2006
    • Class Cavalier-Smith 2017
      • Order Cavalier-Smith 2011
      • Order Cavalier-Smith 2017 [Sainourida]
    • Class Cavalier-Smith 2007
      • Order Bass & Cavalier-Smith 2004 emend. Cavalier-Smith & Oates 2012
      • Order Cavalier-Smith 2003
    • Clade Glissomonadida-Pansomonadida
      • Order Pseudosporida Hibberd 1983 sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993
      • Order Dimorphida Siemensma 1991 [Endonucleoplastiales]
      • Order Howe & Cavalier-Smith 2009 emend. Hess et al. 2013
      • Order Vickerman 2005
    • Superclass Cavalier-Smith 2012
      • Class Thecofilosea Cavalier-Smith 2003 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2011 [Tripylea Hertwig 1879]
        • Order ?Hemimastigida Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988
        • Subclass Cavalier-Smith 2012
          • Family ?
          • Order Cavalier-Smith 2012
          • Order Ebriida Poche [Ebriales Honigsberg 1964; Stereotestales]
          • Order Cryomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Cryothecomonadida]
        • Subclass Cavalier-Smith 2012
          • Order Tectofilosida Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2003
          • Infraclass Phaeodaria Haeckel 1879 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012
            • Order Cavalier-Smith 2012
            • Order Cavalier-Smith 2012
      • Class Silicofilosea Adl et al. 2005 emend. Adl et al. 2012 [Imbricatea Cavalier-Smith 2011]
        • Subclass Cavalier-Smith 2012
          • Superorder Cavalier-Smith 2012
            • Order Cavalier-Smith 2012
            • Order Hibberd 1983 emend. Karpov 1990
          • Superorder Cavalier-Smith 2012
            • Order Cavalier-Smith 2014
            • Order Rainer 1968
            • Order Thaumatomonadida Shirkina 1987
        • Subclass Cavalier-Smith 2012
          • Order ? Cavalier-Smith 1997
          • Order ? Cavalier-Smith 2014
          • Superorder Cavalier-Smith 2012
            • Order Euglyphida Copeland 1956 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997 [Euglyphina Bovee 1985]
          • Superorder Cavalier-Smith 2012
            • Order Cavalier-Smith 2014 [Clautriaviida; Nudifilida]
            • Order Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2011 [Auranticordida]

References[]

  1. ^ Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (October 2003). "Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–58. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112. PMID 14658494.
  2. ^ Wylezich C, Meisterfeld R, Meisterfeld S, Schlegel M (2002). "Phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal RNA coding regions reveal a monophyletic lineage of euglyphid testate amoebae (Order Euglyphida)". J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 49 (2): 108–18. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00352.x. PMID 12043958.
  3. ^ "www.nies.go.jp". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
  4. ^ Cavalier-Smith T, Lewis R, Chao EE, Oates B, Bass D (October 2008). "Morphology and phylogeny of Sainouron acronematica sp. n. and the ultrastructural unity of Cercozoa". Protist. 159 (4): 591–620. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.04.002. PMID 18583188.
  5. ^ Bass D, Chao EE, Nikolaev S, et al. (February 2009). "Phylogeny of Novel Naked Filose and Reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea Revised". Protist. 160 (1): 75–109. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.07.002. PMID 18952499.
  6. ^ Howe; et al. (2011), "Novel Cultured Protists Identify Deep-branching Environmental DNA Clades of Cercozoa: New Genera Tremula, Micrometopion, Minimassisteria, Nudifila, Peregrinia", Protist, 162 (2): 332–372, doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.10.002, PMID 21295519
  7. ^ Bass, et al. (2016). "Coprophilic amoebae and flagellates, including Guttulinopsis, Rosculus and Helkesimastix, characterise a divergent and diverse rhizarian radiation and contribute to a large diversity of faecal-associated protists". Environmental Microbiology. 18 (5): 1604–1619. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13235. PMID 26914587.
  8. ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (5 September 2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255 (1): 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. PMID 28875267.

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