Mukhsha

City of Mukhsha in the middle of the golden field

Mukhsha or Muxşa (Naruçat Middle Moksha: Noronshasht, Turki: Nuridzhan) was the capital of Medieval Moksha state Murunza till 1237^[1]. Capital of Golden Horde during the reign of Öz Beg Khan in 1312–1340. It was a center of Mukhsha Ulus and residence of Öz Beg Khan. In 1313-1367 the city minted golden and silver dirhams, copper coins. In the 15th century the city lost its importance and declined. The ruins (bricked building, bath, Muslim graves) are situated in Penza Oblast near the modern town of Narovchat in the upper stream of Moksha River.

History[]

Mentioned in al-Idrisi map under the name Kabir (Great) in early version of 1154^[2]. Conquered by Batu Khan in 1237. Destroyed by Timur in 1395. In 16th century in Nuridzhan attested pubic baths, running water, sewerage, underfloor heating. The streets were paved with stones, there were fountains with drinking water, cathedral mosque, houses and mausoleums of stone. The city produced pottery, every brick made in Nuridzhan had a special tamga^[3]. The Medieval city ruins were rediscovered by Russian archeologist in 1915.

Literature[]

Making Mongol History: Rashid al-Din and the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh (Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture) by Stefan Kamola, Edinburgh University Press; 1st edition (August 14, 2019), ISBN-13: 978-1474421423, ISBN-10: 1474421423
Лебедев В. И., Загадочный город Мохши, Пенза, 1958
Голубев О.В. Чекан монет Мохши. Пенза, 2020

External links[]

The Golden Horde coinage

References[]

^ Карамзин Н. М. История государства Российского: в 12 томах. — СПб.: Тип. Н. Греча, 1816—1829
^ Мадуров Д.Ф. Локализация «Великого города» в свете реконструкций событий 1184 года //Государственность восточных булгар IX—XIII вв. Чебоксары, 2–3 декабря 2011 г. — Чебоксары:«Таус», 2012. p. 190–215.
^ Труды общества истории, археологии и этнографии при Саратовском университете, А.А. Кротков, В поисках Мохши, Саратов, 1923

"Мухша". Tatar Encyclopaedia (in Tatar). Kazan: The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.

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[1] Карамзин Н. М. История государства Российского: в 12 томах. — СПб.: Тип. Н. Греча, 1816—1829

[2] Мадуров Д.Ф. Локализация «Великого города» в свете реконструкций событий 1184 года //Государственность восточных булгар IX—XIII вв. Чебоксары, 2–3 декабря 2011 г. — Чебоксары:«Таус», 2012. p. 190–215.

[3] Труды общества истории, археологии и этнографии при Саратовском университете, А.А. Кротков, В поисках Мохши, Саратов, 1923

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