Musa Dagh

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This article is about the mountain and battle in Hatay Province, Turkey. For the mountain in Antalya Province, see Musa Dağı (Antalya Province).

Musa Dagh defense
Part of the Armenian genocide
Musa-dagh.gif
Map of the Musa Dagh Armenian Self-Defense.
Date1915
Location
Ottoman Empire
Result Successful resistance, eventual rescue by the French navy
Belligerents
 Ottoman Empire Armenian civilians
Commanders and leaders
Unknown Reverend Dikran Antreassian,Yesayi Yakhubian, Yesayi Aprahamian (Head of logistics), Nerses Kazandjian (Field commander), Movses Ter-Kalutsian (General head of the resistance)
Strength
around 20,000 by the end[citation needed] 250 fighters[1] 4,000 Armenian Civilians
Casualties and losses
heavy[citation needed]; at least a few thousands killed by French Navy bombardments 18 fighters killed, some injured.

Musa Dagh (Turkish: Musa Dağı; Armenian: Մուսա լեռ, Musa leṛ;[2] Arabic: جبل موسى‎ Jebel Musa; meaning "Moses Mountain") is a mountain in the Hatay province of Turkey. In 1915 it was the location of a successful Armenian resistance to the Armenian genocide, an event that inspired Franz Werfel to write the novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh.

History[]

Armenian combatants in Musa Dagh
Location of the Armenian camp during the resistance.
The remains of the monument near the top of Musa Dagh in memory of the French warships that rescued the Armenian people on 12 September 1915. Picture taken on 12 September 2015, the 100th anniversary of the rescue.
french newspaper « Le Miroir », 24 October 1915

The deportation orders of the Armenian population of modern-day Turkey, issued by the Ottoman government, in July 1915 reached the six Armenian villages of the Musa Dagh region: Kabusia (Kaboussieh), Yoghunoluk, Bitias, Vakef, Kheter Bey (Khodr Bey) and Haji Habibli.[3] As Ottoman Turkish forces converged upon the town, the populace, aware of the impending danger, refused deportation and fell back upon Musa mountain, thwarting assaults for fifty-three days, from July to September 1915.[4][5] One of the leaders of the revolt was Movses Der Kalousdian, whose Armenian first name was the same as that of the mountain. Allied warships, most notably the French 3rd Squadron in the Mediterranean under command of Louis Dartige du Fournet, sighted the survivors just as ammunition and food provisions were running out.[6] Five French ships, beginning with the Guichen, evacuated 3004 women and children and over 1000 men from Musa Dagh to safety in Port Said.[7][8][9] The other French ships were the seaplane carrier Foudre, the cruiser D'Estrées, the cruiser Amiral Charner and the cruiser Dupleix.[10]

Starting in 1918, when the Sanjak of Alexandretta came under French control, the population of the six Armenian villages returned to their homes. In 1932, a monument was erected at the top of the mountain to commemorate the event.[11]

The mountain was in Aleppo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire until after World War I, when the French took possession and put it in Sanjak of Alexandretta, Mandate of Syria.

On 29 June 1939, following an agreement between France and Turkey, the province was given to Turkey. Afterwards Armenians from six of the villages emigrated from Hatay Province, while some of the residents of Vakıflı village chose to stay.[12] Vakıflı is the only remaining ethnic Armenian village in Turkey,[13][14] with a population only 140 Turkish-Armenians. Most who left Hatay in 1939 emigrated to Lebanon where they resettled in the town of Anjar. Today, the town of Anjar is divided into six districts, each commemorating one of the villages of Musa Dagh.

As the French squads came to the rescue of the survivors, the chief priest is quoted as having said, "The evil only happened … to enable God to show us His goodness."[15] This event was depicted in the 2016 movie The Promise.

The Forty Days of Musa Dagh[]

The French warship Guichen, pictured above, participated along with several cruisers in the rescue of some 4,000 Armenians who had taken shelter on Musa Dagh.

These historical events later inspired Franz Werfel to write his novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (1933), a fictionalized account based on his detailed research of historical sources.[citation needed] Werfel told reporters: "The struggle of 5,000 people on Musa Dagh had so fascinated me that I wished to aid the Armenian people by writing about it and bringing it to the world".[16] A movie of the same name was released in 1982.[17]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response By Peter Balakian, p.210
  2. ^ Adalian, Rouben (13 May 2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia. p. 449. ISBN 9780810874503.
  3. ^ New Outlook, Volume 111 edited by Alfred Emanuel Smith, page 800
  4. ^ Richard G. Hovannisian : Remembrance and denial: the case of the Armenian genocide – page 161
  5. ^ Resistance and revenge: the Armenian assassination of the Turkish leaders ... By Jacques Derogy p.22
  6. ^ Franz Werfel: an Austrian writer reassessed – by Lothar Huber, page 176
  7. ^ The great war for civilisation: the conquest of the Middle East by Robert Fisk.
  8. ^ The Christian minorities in Turkey – Wilhelm Baum, p. 92.
  9. ^ The new presence by Nadace M.J. Stránského, p.14.
  10. ^ Le Contre-Amiral Darrieus, Commandant la 2e Division et p. i. la 3e Escadre de la Méditerranée, à M. Victor Augagneur, Ministre de la Marine (22 septembre 1915).
  11. ^ "La Reconnaissance Armenienne" in "l'Illustration" page XXII, 29 October 1932.
  12. ^ Başlangıç, Celal (29 July 2002). "Musa'dan notlar" (in Turkish). Radikal. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2007.
  13. ^ Kalkan, Ersin (31 July 2005). "Türkiye'nin tek Ermeni köyü Vakıflı" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. Retrieved 22 February 2007.
  14. ^ Campbell, Verity (2007). Turkey. Lonely Planet. p. 438. ISBN 978-1741045567. Vakifli.
  15. ^ Franz Werfel, the faith of an exile: from Prague to Beverly Hills By Lionel Steiman, page 86
  16. ^ Bobelian, Michael (September 2009). Children of Armenia: a forgotten genocide and the century-long struggle for justice. p. 83. ISBN 9781416558354.
  17. ^ "Forty Days of Musa Dagh".

Further reading[]

External links[]

Coordinates: 36°15′30″N 35°54′13″E / 36.25833°N 35.90361°E / 36.25833; 35.90361

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