My Last Duchess

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Lucrezia de' Medici by Bronzino, generally believed to be the subject of the poem

"My Last Duchess" is a poem by Robert Browning, frequently anthologised as an example of the dramatic monologue. It first appeared in 1842 in Browning's Dramatic Lyrics.[1] The poem is composed in 28 rhyming couplets of iambic pentameter.

Historical background[]

In the first edition of Dramatic Lyrics, the poem was merely titled "Italy".

The poem is preceded by the epigraph "Ferrara:", indicating that the speaker is most likely Alfonso II d'Este, the fifth Duke of Ferrara (1533–1598), who, at the age of 25, married Lucrezia di Cosimo de' Medici, the 14-year-old daughter of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Eleonora di Toledo.

Lucrezia was not well educated, and the Medicis could be considered "nouveau riche" in comparison to the venerable and distinguished Este family (Alfonso II d'Este's remark regarding his gift of a "nine-hundred-years-old name" clearly indicates that he considered his bride beneath him socially). She came with a sizeable dowry, and the couple married in 1558. He then abandoned her for two years before she died on 21 April 1561, at age 17. Although there was a strong suspicion of poisoning, it is more likely that the cause of her death was tuberculosis.[2] It is speculated that the rumour of poisoning was started by enemies of Alfonso II.[3]

The Duke then sought the hand of Barbara, eighth daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary and the sister of the Count of Tyrol, Ferdinand II.[4] The count was in charge of arranging the marriage; the chief of his entourage, Nikolaus Madruz, a native of Innsbruck, was his courier. Madruz is presumably the listener in the poem.

The other characters named in the poem – painter Frà Pandolf and sculptor Claus of Innsbruck – are fictional.

The poem is a representation of male and female relationships and their contrasting powers or lack thereof. Women in the past were considered pieces of property (and this is true even in some cultures today). Within many religions and cultures, the male bestows a position of dominance and control over women, which constricts their right of free will. During the mid 1800s, a daughter was married off to gain more power, land, allies, and even to gain access to prestigious bloodlines. The duke in this poem uses his power to control a woman, his duchess, by using her as currency. [5]

Synopsis[]

The poem is set in the Italian Renaissance but could be interpreted as a critique of how women were treated in the Victorian era in which Browning wrote this poem. The speaker (presumably the Duke Alfonso of Ferrara) is giving the emissary of the family of his prospective new wife a tour of the artworks in his home. He draws a curtain to reveal a painting of a woman, explaining that it is a portrait of his late wife; he invites his guest to sit and look at the painting. As they look at the portrait of the late Duchess, the Duke describes her happy, cheerful and flirtatious nature, which had displeased him. He says, "She had a heart – how shall I say? – too soon made glad..." He goes on to say that his complaint of her was that "'twas not her husband's presence only" that made her happy. Eventually, "I gave commands; then all smiles stopped together." This could be interpreted as either the Duke had given commands to the Duchess to stop smiling, or commands for her to be killed. He now keeps her painting hidden behind a curtain that only he is allowed to draw back, thus now she only smiles for him.

The Duke demonstrates many narcissistic tendencies as he recalls the time he shared with his now-deceased Duchess. He then resumes an earlier conversation regarding wedding arrangements, and in passing points out another work of art, a bronze statue of Neptune taming a sea-horse by Claus of Innsbruck, so making his late wife but just another work of art.

In an interview, Browning said, "I meant that the commands were that she should be put to death ... Or he might have had her shut up in a convent."[6]

Form[]

Browning characterized this poem as a dramatic lyric; but essentially it is a dramatic monologue, a genre typically associated with Robert Browning,[7] where one person speaks to a presumed audience. It is written in iambic pentameter, employing rhyming couplets and the enjambment technique of not always concluding the sentences at the ends of lines. Because of these techniques, the poem has a conversational quality and can be read as a long speech.

Modern adaptations[]

  • The 20th century American poet Richard Howard wrote a sequel to the poem, "Nikolaus Mardruz [sic] to his Master Ferdinand, Count of Tyrol, 1565", in the form of a letter from the listener in Browning's original that details his response to the Duke's monologue.[8]
  • The short story "My Last Girlfriend" by Robert Barnard is a take-off on "My Last Duchess" with a new twist.[9]
  • Science fiction author Eric Flint uses portions of "My Last Duchess" in his book 1634: The Galileo Affair (2004).[10]
  • Canadian author Margaret Atwood's short story "My Last Duchess" appears in her short story anthology Moral Disorder (2006). It is about two high school students who study the poem and argue about its meaning.[11]
  • South African author Judy Croome based the main character Rax-ul-Can in her apocalyptic short story "The Last Sacrifice" (published in The Weight of a Feather and Other Stories, Aztar Press, 2013) on the Duke in Browning's "My Last Duchess".[12]
  • In "The Painter", a song by Chris de Burgh, the lyrics also take the Duke's point of view, but show a less stable mindset than the original poem.[13]
  • Historical novel His Last Duchess by Gabrielle Kimm is based upon the events narrated in the poem.[14]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Allingham, Philip V. "Applying Modern Critical Theory to Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess"". The Victorian Web. Retrieved 16 December 2009., Note 16-C
  2. ^ Yasmeen. "Historical Context in My Last Duchess". Owl Eyes.
  3. ^ Commire, Anne, ed. (1999). "Medici, Lucrezia de (c. 1544–1561)". Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications, Gale Group. ISBN 0787640808.
  4. ^ Browning, Robert (1991). Woolford, John; Karlin, Daniel (eds.). The Poems of Browning: 1841–1846. London: Longman. p. 157. ISBN 9780582063990.
  5. ^ Alexander, Sally (Spring 1984). "Women, Class and Sexual Differences in the 1830s and 1840s: Some Reflections on the Writing of a Feminist History". History Workshop (17): 125–149. JSTOR 4288549.
  6. ^ Harmon, William; Holman, C. Hugh (1999). A Handbook to Literature (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780130127310.
  7. ^ Dramatic Monologue at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  8. ^ Howard, Richard. "Nikolaus Mardruz to his Master Ferdinand, Count of Tyrol, 1565". Poets.org. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  9. ^ Barnard, Robert (1989). Death of a Salesperson, and other untimely exits. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-6841-9088-4.
  10. ^ Flint, Eric (2004). 1634: The Galileo Affair. Riverdale, NY: Baen Pub. Enterprises. ISBN 0-7434-8815-6.
  11. ^ Atwood, Margaret (2006). Moral Disorder. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-8162-2.
  12. ^ "In Focus: Author Judy Croome". Morsels and Juices. May 2014.
  13. ^ | Spanish Train and Other Stories| Chris De Burg | 1975
  14. ^ Kimm, Gabrielle (2010). His Last Duchess. London: Sphere. ISBN 9780751544503.

External links[]

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