National poet
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A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture.[1] The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed poet-laureate office. The idea and honoring of national poets emerged primarily during Romanticism, as a figure that helped consolidation of the nation states, as it provided validation of their ethno-linguistic groups.[1]
Most national poets are historic figures, though a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national poets." Though not formally elected, national poets play a role in shaping a country's understanding of itself.[2] Some nations may have more than one national poet; the idea of a single one is always a simplification. It has been argued that a national poet "must write poetry that closely identifies with the nation's cause – or is thought to do so",[3] with an additional assumption being that "a national poet must write in a national language".[4]
The following is a list of nations, with their associated national poets. It is not a list of sovereign states or countries, though many of the nations listed may also be such. The terms "nation" (as cultural concept), "country" (as geographical concept) and "state" (as political concept) are not synonyms.
Africa[]
Country | Poet |
---|---|
Algeria | Si Mohand |
Angola | Agostinho Neto |
Egypt | Ahmed Shawqi |
Ethiopia | Gibreab Teferi, Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin |
Mali | Fily Dabo Sissoko |
Morocco | Mohammed Awzal |
Nigeria | Chinua Achebe |
Senegal | Léopold Sédar Senghor |
Somalia | Hadrawi |
South Africa | Mazisi Kunene |
Sudan | Gely Abdel Rahman |
Tanzania | Shaaban bin Robert[5] |
Tunisia | Aboul-Qacem Echebbi |
Asia[]
Country | Poet |
---|---|
Afghanistan | Rumi, Khushal Khattak[6] |
Azerbaijan | Fuzûlî, Imadaddin Nasimi, Samad Vurgun |
Bangladesh | Kazi Nazrul Islam |
China | Du Fu, Li Bai, Lu Xun, Luo Binwang, Wang Bo, Lu Zhaolin, Song Zhiwen, Du Shenyan, Yang Jiong, Chen Zi'ang, Zhang Jiuling, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Huangfu Ran, Wang Changling, He Zhizhang, Wang Zhihuan, Liu Zongyuan, Han Yu, Bai Juyi, Du Mu, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Wang Anshi, Li Qingzhao, Yue Fei, Mi Fu, Cai Xiang, Xin Qiji, Fan Zhongyan, Fan Chengda, Yan Shu, Su Zhe, Sima Guang, Lu You, Ouyang Xiu, Wen Tianxiang |
Cambodia | Preah Botumthera Som, Krom Ngoy, Chuon Nath |
India | Valmiki, Jhaverchand Meghani, Vedavyasa, Kalidasa, Amir Khusrau, Daagh Dehlvi, Ghalib, Mir Taqi Mir, Tulsidas, Maithili Sharan Gupt, Rabindranath Tagore, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Subramanya Bharathi, Kuvempu, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, M. Govinda Pai, G.S. Shivarudrappa, Pradeep, Sohan Lal Dwivedi |
Indonesia | Chairil Anwar |
Iran | Ferdowsi, Rumi, Hafez, Attar, Abu Sa'eed, Sanai, Rudaki, Nezami Ganjavi, Saadi, Omar Khayyám, Nasir Khusraw, Vahshi Bafqi, Aref Qazvini, Nima Yooshij, Simin Behbahani, Adib Boroumand, Mohammad-Taqi Bahar, Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar, Parvin E'tesami |
Iraq | Maarouf Al Rasafi |
Israel | Hayim Nahman Bialik |
Japan | Koizumi Yakumo, Murasaki Shikibu, Matsuo Bashō, Kobayashi Issa, Ishikawa Takuboku, Tanikawa Shuntaro |
Jordan | Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal |
Kazakhstan | Abai Qunanbaiuli |
North Korea | Cho Ki-chon[7] |
South Korea | Yun Dongju, Han Yong-un, Park Mok-wol, Jeong Cheol |
Kurdistan | Khana Qubadi, Ahmad Khani, Haji Qadir Koyi, Faqi Tayran, Malaye Jaziri |
Kyrgyzstan | Toktogul Satylganov |
Lebanon | Kahlil Gibran, Said Akl |
Malaysia | Usman Awang |
Mongolia | Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj, Byambyn Rinchen, Hadaa Sendoo |
Myanmar | Min Thu Wun |
Nepal | Madhav Prasad Ghimire |
Pakistan | Allama Muhammad Iqbal |
Palestine | Mahmoud Darwish |
Philippines | Francisco Balagtas |
Saudi Arabia | Ghazi Abdul Rahman Al Gosaibi |
Sri Lanka | Ananda Samarakoon |
Syria | Nizar Qabbani |
Taiwan | Loa Ho, Yu Kwang-chung, Luo Fu (poet), Yang Mu |
Tajikistan | Rudaki, Ferdowsi, Saadi, Molavi, Nasir Khusraw, Sadriddin Ayni, Gulnazar Keldi |
Thailand | Thammathibet, Phra Phutthaloetla Naphalai, Sunthorn Phu, Vajiravudh, Thommayanti |
Turkmenistan | Magtymguly Pyragy |
Uzbekistan | Abdulla Oripov, Erkin Vohidov, Gʻafur Gʻulom, Mirtemir |
Vietnam | Nguyễn Du, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Hàn Mặc Tử |
Yemen | Abdullah Al-Baradouni |
Europe[]
Country | Poet |
---|---|
Albania | Gjergj Fishta, Naim Frashëri |
Andorra | Albert Salvadó |
Armenia | Grigor Narekatsi, Sayat-Nova, Hovhannes Tumanyan, Yeghishe Charents |
Austria | Franz Grillparzer, Peter Rosegger, Johann Nepomuk Nestroy |
Belarus | Yanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas |
Belgium | Emile Verhaeren, Maurice Maeterlinck |
Catalonia | Jacint Verdaguer |
Flanders | Hendrik Conscience, Guido Gezelle, Hugo Claus |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Izet Sarajlić |
Republika Srpska | Aleksa Šantić |
Bulgaria | Hristo Botev,[8] Ivan Vazov |
Croatia | Marko Marulić, Miroslav Krleža |
Cyprus | Vasilis Michaelides |
Czech Republic | Karel Hynek Mácha, Božena Němcová, Jan Neruda |
Denmark | Adam Oehlenschläger, Søren Kierkegaard |
Faroe Islands | William Heinesen |
England | Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare,[9] William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge |
Estonia | Lydia Koidula, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald |
Finland | Eino Leino,[10] Johan Ludvig Runeberg[11] |
France | Victor Hugo, Charles Baudelaire |
Georgia | Shota Rustaveli |
Germany | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich von Schiller |
Gibraltar | Héctor Licudi |
Greece | Homer, Dionysios Solomos |
Guernsey | George Métivier |
Hungary | Sándor Petőfi, János Arany |
Iceland | Jónas Hallgrímsson, Hallgrímur Pétursson |
Ireland | Thomas Moore, William Butler Yeats, Seamus Heaney |
Isle of Man | T. E. Brown |
Italy | Dante Alighieri, Giosuè Carducci, Giacomo Leopardi, Ugo Foscolo, Gabriele D'Annunzio |
Latvia | Rainis, Andrejs Pumpurs |
Liechtenstein | Peter Kaiser |
Lithuania | Kristijonas Donelaitis, Maironis |
Luxembourg | Edmond de la Fontaine, Michel Rodange, Michel Lentz |
Malta | Dun Karm Psaila |
Moldova | Grigore Vieru |
Monaco | Louis Notari |
Montenegro | Petar II Petrović-Njegoš |
Netherlands | Joost van den Vondel, Jacob Cats |
Friesland | Gysbert Japicx (or Japiks) |
North Macedonia | Kočo Racin, Georgi Pulevski and Kole Nedelkovski |
Norway | Henrik Wergeland |
Poland | Jan Kochanowski, Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński, Cyprian Norwid |
Portugal | Luís de Camões, Fernando Pessoa |
Romania | Mihai Eminescu |
Russia | Alexander Pushkin |
Dagestan | Rasul Gamzatov |
North Ossetia-Alania | Kosta Khetagurov |
San Marino | Pio Chiaruzzi |
Scotland | Robert Burns, Hugh MacDiarmid, Hamish Henderson, Robert Tannahill |
Serbia | Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, Vladislav Petković Dis, Oskar Davičo, Desanka Maksimović (Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro)[12] |
Kosovo | Din Mehmeti, Ali Podrimja |
Slovakia | Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav |
Slovenia | France Prešeren |
Spain | Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega,[1] Federico García Lorca |
Sweden | Carl Michael Bellman, Gustaf Fröding, Verner von Heidenstam, Esaias Tegnér |
Switzerland | Gottfried Keller, Carl Spitteler |
Turkey | Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Nâzım Hikmet |
Ukraine | Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Lesya Ukrainka |
Wales | Dylan Thomas, Dafydd ap Gwilym |
North America[]
Country | Poets |
---|---|
Barbados | Kamau Brathwaite |
Canada | Pauline Johnson, Émile Nelligan, Octave Crémazie, John McCrae, Margaret Atwood |
Quebec | Gilles Vigneault, Félix Leclerc, Gaston Miron, Gérald Godin |
Cuba | José Martí, Lezama Lima,[13] Nicolás Guillén[14] |
Costa Rica | Aquileo J. Echeverría, Carmen Lyra |
Dominican Republic | Pedro Mir |
Guatemala | Miguel Ángel Asturias |
Haiti | Jacques Roumain |
Jamaica | Claude McKay |
Mexico | Ramón López Velarde, Octavio Paz |
Nicaragua | Rubén Darío |
Panama | Ricardo Miró[15] |
Saint Lucia | Derek Walcott[16] |
Puerto Rico | Julia de Burgos,[17] Giannina Braschi[18] |
United States | Walt Whitman,[19][20] Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, Langston Hughes, Maya Angelou, Gwendolyn Brooks[21] |
Oceania[]
Country | Poets |
---|---|
Australia | Henry Lawson, Adam Lindsay Gordon, Dorothea Mackellar, A. B. "Banjo" Paterson |
New Zealand | James K. Baxter, Allen Curnow |
South America[]
Country | Poets |
---|---|
Argentina | José Hernández,[22]Jorge Luis Borges, Leopoldo Lugones |
Brazil | Gonçalves Dias, Olavo Bilac, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Machado de Assis |
Chile | Pablo Neruda, Gabriela Mistral[23] |
Colombia | Rafael Pombo, José Asunción Silva |
Ecuador | José Joaquín de Olmedo, Jorge Enrique Adoum |
Peru | César Vallejo |
Suriname | Trefossa |
Uruguay | Juan Zorrilla de San Martín |
Venezuela | Rómulo Gallegos, Andrés Eloy Blanco |
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Nemoianu, Virgil (2002). Esterhammer, Angela (ed.). "'National Poets' in the Romantic Age: Emergence and Importance." Romantic Poetry. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 537. ISBN 9789027234506.
- ^ "Our National Poets," Ricardo Blanco, Academy of American Poets, 2020. https://poets.org/our-national-poets
- ^ John Neubauer, "Figures of National Poets", in Marcel Cornis-Pope and John Neubauer, eds., Figures of National Poets (2004), p. 11.
- ^ Michael Baron, Language and Relationship in Wordsworth's Writing (1995), p. 13.
- ^ J. Cameron; W. A. Dodd (17 May 2014). Society, Schools and Progress in Tanzania: The Commonwealth and International Library: Education and Educational Research. Elsevier Science. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-1-4831-5914-0.
- ^ Morgenstierne, G. (1960). "Khushhal Khan—the national poet of the Afghans". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 47: 49–57. doi:10.1080/03068376008731684.
- ^ 기획 기사 [9.9절 방북취재-6]<백두산은 역시 혁명의 성산> (in Korean). Korean American National Coordinating Council. 23 September 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Hristo Botev’s birth anniversary Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Bulgaria History and Religion, posted January 6, 2007, updated on January 12, 2007, accessed 9 March 2007
- ^ Michael Dobson (17 November 1994), The Making of the National Poet - Shakespeare, Adaptation and Authorship, 1660-1769, Clarendon Press, ISBN 978-0-19-818323-5
- ^ "Kansallisrunoilija pelkäsi kansaa", Yleisradio (in Finnish), Helsinki: Yleisradio, 2017, retrieved 2021-02-07
- ^ "kansallisrunoilija", Kielitoimiston sanakirja (in Finnish), Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten keskus, 2020, retrieved 2021-02-07
- ^ Balazsr2=Michal Kopecek (1 November 2006). National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements. Central European University Press. p. 431. ISBN 978-963-7326-60-8.
Characteristically, although Njegoš saw himself as a definitely Serbian poet, his epic came to be later canonized as the most important work of 'Yugoslav' literature [...]
- ^ "José Lezama Lima | Cuban author". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^ Foundation, Poetry (December 25, 2020). "Nicolás Guillén". Poetry Foundation.
- ^ Daniel Balderston, Mike (2004). Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900-2003. Routledge. p. 666. ISBN 0-415-30687-6.
- ^ Cole, Teju (February 21, 2014). "Poet of the Caribbean (Published 2014)" – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ "Overlooked No More: Julia de Burgos, a Poet Who Helped Shape Puerto Rico's Identity (Published 2018)". May 3, 2018 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi. Pittsburgh, 2020. ISBN 9780822946182
- ^ Nathanael O'Reilly, "Imagined America: Walt Whitman's Nationalism in the First Edition of 'Leaves of Grass'", Irish Journal of American Studies.
- ^ O'Reilly, Nathanael (2009). "Imagined America: Walt Whitman's Nationalism in the First Edition of Leaves of Grass". Irish Journal of American Studies. 1: 1–9. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
- ^ Foundation, Poetry (December 25, 2020). "Gwendolyn Brooks". Poetry Foundation.
- ^ James Woodall, Borges: A Life, Basic Books (1996). ISBN 0-465-04361-5. Relevant excerpt available on the New York Times web site, accessed 9 March 2007.
- ^ "Gabriela Mistral". National Women's History Museum.
Further reading[]
- Marcel Cornis-Pope and John Neubauer, eds., Figures of National Poets (2004)
- Edward Whitley, American Bards: Walt Whitman and Other Unlikely Candidates for National Poet (2010)
- Michael Dobson, The Making of the National Poet (1992)
- Josep R. Llobera, Foundations of National Identity (2004)
- Lists of poets
- National symbols
- Poets