Native headmen of Ceylon
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Regions with significant populations | |
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Sri Lanka | |
Languages | |
Sinhala language | |
Religion | |
Predominantly: ![]() | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Sinhalese people, South Asian ethnic groups |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Padikara_Mudali_Nanayakkara_Rajawasala_Appuhamilage_Don_Arthur_de_Silva_Wijesingha_Siriwardana_of_Richmond_Castle_Kalutara_%281889-1947%29.jpg/250px-Padikara_Mudali_Nanayakkara_Rajawasala_Appuhamilage_Don_Arthur_de_Silva_Wijesingha_Siriwardana_of_Richmond_Castle_Kalutara_%281889-1947%29.jpg)
Native headmen system was an integral part of the administration of the island of Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka) under the successive European colonial powers, namely the Portuguese Empire, the Dutch East India Company and the British Empire. Native headmen or leaders were appointed by the European colonial administrators to function as intermediates between the Europeans and the native populous. During different periods through this system these headmen functioned in military, policing, administrative and ceremonial capacities. They served as translators, revenue collectors and wielded quasi-judicial powers. Much of the system evolved and changed over time until some of the last vestiges of it were removed in the post-independent Ceylon. The members of this group formed a unique social group called the Sri Lankan Mudaliyars and associated with older Radala caste.[3]
History[]
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Mudaliyar is a South Indian and Tamil name for ‘first’ and a person endowed with wealth. It was created in the 17th century by the Portuguese function as a link between the colonial administration and the local populous, as they had done in South India. They received payment in form of land grants and use of tenured service (Rajakariya) of the local population which they extracted for their own estates.[4]
With the on set of British rule, Governor North restructured the native headmen system. The system was transformed into a salaried system with land grants and tenured service abolished. They became the second tier of the civil administration of the island with appointments made by the Governor. Over the next century, the headmen grew to be a powerful and affluent class consolidating economic power through land ownership and marriage. Gradually functions of headmen were transferred to various departments that were established by the British administration.
Every district is subdivided into Pattus or Korales. These Pattus are divided into villages, hamlets, etc. Pattus are presided over by Mudaliyars and Muhandirams in low country districts, Ratemahattayas and Korales in the Kandyan provinces, Maniyars and Udayars in the Tamil districts. The villages and hamlets are in the charge of Arachchies, Peace Officers and Vidanes [5]
Following the Uva Rebellion in 1818 and changes to the administrative divisions of the island with the creation of Districts, British Government Agents (GA) took over the duties of the Dissava (with the remaining and newly appointed Dissavas being mere honorary titles), with Rate Mahatmaya becoming a subordinate to the local Government Agents and Assistant Government Agents. In the same way, after 1818 the position of the remaining and newly appointed Adigar became a mere honorary title.
Following the formation of the State Council of Ceylon in 1931, one of its members, H. W. Amarasuriya, called for an inquiry into the headman system. A commission was formed made up of retired civil servants and lawyers headed by H.M. Wedderburn. The commission reported on reforming the headman system or replacing it with transferable District Revenue Officers. The headman system was abolished as an administrative system, with the titles of Mudaliyar (Mudali - මුදලි) and Muhandiram retained by government to be awarded as honors. This practice remained until suspension of Ceylonese honors in 1956 by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike. The minor headman positions were retained, surviving well into the 1970s when the post of Vidane was replaced with the transferable post of Grama Niladhari (Village Officer).
Classes of headmen[]
The Headman Commission of 1922 states that “under the existing system each village or group of small village is placed under the supervision of minor headman known as Gam Arachchi in Kandyan areas and police vidane or police headman in low country. The positions above those headmen were Korala in Kandyan districts; Uddaiyar in Tamil districts Vidane Arachchi in districts of low country. The top rank above all officials was represented by “Rate Mahatmaya,and Adigars in Kandyyan districts, Maniyagars and Vanniyars in Tamil Districts and Mudliers in southern provinces
Classes of headmen in the Kandyan areas[]
Following the Uva Rebellion in 1818 and changes to the administrative divisions of the island with the creation of Districts, British Government Agents (GA) took over the duties of the Dissava (with the remaining and newly appointed Dissavas being mere honorary titles), with Rate Mahatmaya becoming a subordinate to the local Government Agents and Assistant Government Agents. In the same way, after 1818 the position of the remaining and newly appointed Adigar (Maha Adigar or 1st Adigar) became mere honorary titles.
- Dissava - British Government Agent of the Province took over the duties of a Dissava (with the remaining and newly appointed Dissavas being mere honorary titles) in 1818. Rate Mahatmayas under his supervision
- Rate Mahatmaya[6] - Rate Mahatmaya had several Korales under his supervision
- Korale Mahaththaya or Korale - Korale had several Gram Arachchi under his supervision
- Grama Arachchi (ආරච්චි)[3][4] - Grama Arachchi had a village or group of small village placed under his supervision
Classes of headmen in the low country[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sodina_police_vidane%27office_name_borde.jpg/250px-Sodina_police_vidane%27office_name_borde.jpg)
- Mudaliyar (Mudali - මුදලි) - Mudaliyar had several Muhandiram's under his supervision
- Muhandiram (මුහන්දිරම්) - Muhandiram had several Vidane Arachchi's under his supervision
- Vidane Arachchi (ආරච්චි) - Vidane Arachchi had several Vidanes under his supervision
- Vidane - Vidane had a village or group of small village placed under his supervision
Classes of headmen in Tamil areas[]
The Northern and Eastern provinces had the following classes of native headmen:[7]
- Atikar[8]
- Vanniyar - Vanniyar had several Maniyagar under his supervision
- Maniyagar - Maniyagar had several Udayar's under his supervision
- Udayar - Udayar had several Vidane's under his supervision
- Vidane - Vidane had a village or group of small village placed under his supervision
See also[]
- Kachcheri
- Walauwa
- Grama Niladhari
- Kandyan Convention
- Great Rebellion of 1817–18
- Matale rebellion
- Maldivian Annual Tribute
References[]
- ^ Knox, Robert (2004-12-13). An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon in the East Indies: Together with an Account of the Detaining in Captivity the Author and Divers other Englishmen Now Living There, and of the Author's Miraculous Escape. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-1846-7. OCLC 57236571. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- ^ Jayawickrama, Sarojini. An historical relation of the Island Ceylon (Thesis). The University of Hong Kong Libraries. doi:10.5353/th_b3123864.
- ^ "The Mudaliyar Class of Ceylon" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-12. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
- ^ Ceylon Under British Rule, 1795-1932 By Lennox A. Mills
- ^ "Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon: Its History,".
- ^ Late Deshamanya E. L. B. Hurulle
- ^ Wright, Arnold, ed. (1907). Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon. Lloyd's Great Britain Publishing Company. p. 639.
- ^ "Ceylon Government Gazette" (PDF). Retrieved 28 September 2020.
External links[]
- "Village notables in colonial Ceylon - The Village Headman was the uncrowned king of the village. He was appointed by the Government Agent from a traditional leading family in the area, in order to ensure that he received customary respect from villagers".
- [1] Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon
- [2] The British Colonial Library
- [3] The Mudaliyars Explained
- [4] Pasgama: Step into Remoteness
- Defunct government positions in Sri Lanka
- Transitional period of Sri Lanka
- Kandyan period
- British Ceylon period