Trimezia
Trimezia | |
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Trimezia steyermarkii | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Iridaceae |
Subfamily: | Iridoideae |
Tribe: | Trimezieae |
Genus: | Trimezia Salisbury ex Herbert[1] |
Type species | |
Trimezia meridensis Herbert
| |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Trimezia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae, native to the warmer parts of southern Mexico, Central America, South America, Florida, and the West Indies.[2] Trimezia is placed in the tribe Trimezieae. The division of the tribe into genera has varied considerably. In one approach, it contains only the genus Trimezia, which then includes the genera Neomarica, Pseudotrimezia and Pseudiris. In other approaches, two to five genera are recognized, sometimes also including the genus Deluciris.
The English names walking iris, apostle's iris and apostle plant have been used for many species, regardless of the generic placement (e.g. for , syn. Neomarica gracilis). New plantlets form at the end of the flower spikes; after flowering, the spikes fall over and a new plant grows, so the plant "walks". Names including "apostle" refer to the incorrect belief that plants do not flower until 12 or more leaves are present.[3]
Description[]
The rootstock is variously described as an elongated corm or a rhizome. Plants vary in height from about 7 cm (2.8 in) in the case of T. pusilla to 1.6 m (5.2 ft) in the case of T. spathata subsp. sincorana. Linear to lanceolate leaves grow from the base of the plant. Most species have flowers in some shade of yellow. The six tepals are arranged in two series. The outer tepals (sepals) are larger than the inner ones (petals); both may have brown-purple markings at the base. The stamens have free filaments (i.e. they not fused together or fused to the style). The style is divided into three branches, each of which usually has two lobes.[4]
Taxonomy[]
The genus Trimezia was first published with an appropriate description by William Herbert in 1844.[5] Herbert attributed the name to Salisbury, whose use he described as "absque charactere" ('without character').[6] The genus name is derived from the Greek words tri, meaning "three", and meze, meaning "greater".[7]
Trimezia is placed in the tribe Trimezieae of the subfamily Iridoideae.[8] The number of genera into which the tribe is divided has varied considerably. Three genera were used before 2008: Trimezia, Neomarica and Pseudotrimezia. Some sources used all three; others combined Trimezia and Neomarica but retained Pseudotrimezia.[8] A further genus, Pseudiris, was published in 2008. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that although the tribe is monophyletic, the genera as traditionally used, based on morphological characteristics, are not. Three of the four main clades found in these analyses combine species from more than one genus.[9][8] One response to these findings, adopted as of May 2019 by Plants of the World Online and the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, is to combine genera; thus Neomarica, Pseudiris and Pseudotrimezia are all placed within Trimezia.[1] An alternative approach, retaining the traditional genera but with changed circumscriptions, was put forward in 2018; an additional new genus, Deluciris, was also created within the tribe.[8]
Examples of alternative divisions of Trimezieae | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ravenna (2003)[8] | Chukr & Giulietti (2008)[8] | Gil & al. (2009)[8] | Lovo & al. (2018)[8] | PoWO (May 2019)[1] |
Trimezia | Trimezia | Trimezia | Trimezia | Trimezia |
Neomarica | Neomarica | Neomarica | ||
Pseudotrimezia | Pseudotrimezia | Pseudotrimezia | Pseudotrimezia | |
Pseudiris | Pseudiris | |||
Deluciris | Deluciris |
Distinction between genera[]
When Trimezia was distinguished from Neomarica prior to molecular phylogenetic studies, i.e. entirely on morphological grounds, some vegetative characters were considered diagnostic. Trimezia in this sense always grows from corms, Neomarica almost always from rhizomes. Trimezia has flowering stems (scapes) that are circular in cross-section, whereas Neomarica has flattened scapes.[10] Lovo et al. (2018) consider these characteristics to be among those distinguishing their circumscription of Neomarica from the other genera into which they divide the tribe.[8]
Species[]
As of May 2019, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepted about 80 species of Trimezia.[11] However, this includes species that other sources place in different genera in the tribe Trimezieae. The placement in Lovo et al. (2018), where given in their paper, is shown in the second column.
WCSP (May 2019)[11] | Lovo et al. (2018)[8] |
---|---|
Ravenna – Brazil (Espírito Santo) | Neomarica altivallis |
(R.C.Foster) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia barretoi |
Ravenna – Brazil (Santa Catarina) | – |
(Baker) Ravenna – Brazil (Bahia) | Neomarica brachypus |
Ravenna – Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais) | Trimezia brevicaulis |
(Chukr) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó) | Pseudotrimezia brevistaminea |
Lovo & Mello-Silva – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Trimezia campanula |
(Hassl.) Ravenna – SE. & S. Brazil to NE. Argentina | Neomarica candida |
Ravenna – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Trimezia capitellata |
(A.Gil & M.C.E.Amaral) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo) | Neomarica castaneomaculata |
(Klatt) Niederl. – Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Goiás) | Pseudotrimezia cathartica |
Ravenna – Brazil (Bahia) | Trimezia caulosa |
Steyerm. – S. Venezuela (Macizo del Chimantá) | Trimezia chimantensis |
(Ravenna) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia sublateralis |
(G.Lodd.) Ravenna – SE. & S. Brazil to Paraguay | Neomarica coerulea |
(Ravenna) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia concava |
Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó) | – |
(Ravenna) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | – |
Ravenna – Brazil (São Paulo) | Neomarica decora |
Ravenna – Brazil (São Paulo) | Neomarica decumbens |
(Ravenna) Christenh. – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia diamantinensis |
(A.Gil & M.C.E.Amaral) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Bahia) | Neomarica eburnea |
(Ravenna) Christenh. – Brazil (Minas Gerais: Pico Itambé) | Pseudotrimezia elegans |
Ravenna – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Trimezia exillima |
R.C.Foster – Brazil (Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó) | Pseudotrimezia fistulosa |
(A.Gil & M.C.E.Amaral) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Bahia) | Neomarica floscella |
Ravenna – Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) | – |
Trimezia fosteriana Steyerm. – Venezuela (Bolívar) | Trimezia fosteriana |
(Ravenna) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia fulva |
(Seub. ex Klatt) Ravenna – SE. & S. Brazil | Neomarica glauca |
(Herb.) Christenh. & Byng – WC. & SE. Brazil to Paraguay | Neomarica gracilis |
Ravenna – Venezuela (Guárico) | – |
Ravenna – Guyana | – |
Trimezia humilis (Klatt) Ravenna – Venezuela, SE. & S. Brazil | Neomarica humilis |
(Hand.-Mazz.) Christenh. & Byng – SE. Brazil | Neomarica imbricata |
(A.Gil & M.C.E.Amaral) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo) | Neomarica involuta |
(Ravenna) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais: Serra do Alagoas) | – |
Ravenna – Brazil (Bahia: Itamaraju) | – |
Ravenna – Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) | Neomarica itatiaica |
Ravenna – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | – |
(Klatt) Benth. & Hook.f. – C. & S. Brazil | Pseudotrimezia juncifolia |
(Ravenna) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia pauli |
Ravenna – Brazil (Paraná) | Neomarica latifolia |
Govaerts. – Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Paraná) | – |
(Link & Otto) Christenh. & Byng – SE. Brazil | Neomarica longifolia |
(Klatt) R.C.Foster – Colombia to W. Venezuela, Brazil | Trimezia lutea |
Trimezia martinicensis (Jacq.) Herb. – C. America to Colombia, Lesser Antilles to Bolivia | Trimezia martinicensis |
Ravenna – Brazil (Paraná) | – |
(A.Gil & M.C.E.Amaral) Govaerts. – Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) | Neomarica mauroi |
Ravenna – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | – |
(Klatt) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais: Pico do Itambé) | – |
(Lovo & Mello-Silva) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia nana |
Trimezia northiana (Schneev.) Ravenna – Brazil (Espírito Santo to Paraná) | Neomarica northiana |
Ravenna – Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) | incertae sedis |
Ravenna – Brazil (Maranhão) | incertae sedis |
Ravenna – Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro) | Neomarica pardina |
Chukr – Brazil (Minas Gerais: Serra do Cabral) | Pseudotrimezia plicatifolia |
Ravenna – Brazil (Bahia) | Neomarica portosecurensis |
(Ravenna) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia pumila |
Ravenna – Brazil (Goiás: Serra Dourada) | Pseudotrimezia pusilla |
(Ravenna) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia recurvata |
(Ravenna) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Paraná) | – |
Ravenna – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | – |
Ravenna – Brazil (Paraná) | Trimezia rotundata |
(Lindl.) Ravenna – E. Brazil | Neomarica sabini |
(A.Gil & M.C.E.Amaral) Govaerts. – Brazil (São Paulo) | Neomarica sancti-vicentei |
(A.Gil & M.C.E.Amaral) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Sergipe) | Neomarica sergipensis |
(Klatt) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó) | – |
(Vell.) Ravenna – SE. Brazil | Neomarica silvestris |
Ravenna – Florida, Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca), Venezuela | Trimezia sobolifera |
Ravenna – Brazil (Espírito Santo) | – |
(Klatt) Baker – Brazil to NE. Argentina | Trimezia spathata |
(Chukr & A.Gil) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Bahia) | Neomarica speciosa |
Trimezia steyermarkii R.C.Foster – S. Mexico to NW. Venezuela | Trimezia steyermarkii |
(Lovo & Mello-Silva) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia striata |
Ravenna – Brazil (São Paulo) | – |
(Ravenna) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia synandra |
(Ravenna) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia tenuissima |
Ravenna – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia truncata |
Ravenna – Brazil (Bahia) | – |
(M.Martens & Galeotti) Ravenna – C. & S. Mexico to Panama | Neomarica variegata |
(Klatt) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | – |
(Ravenna) Christenh. & Byng – Brazil (Minas Gerais) | Pseudotrimezia planifolia |
Former species[]
Some former species which are now regarded as synonyms include:[11]
- Trimezia martii (Baker) R.C.Foster = Trimezia spathata subsp. spathata
- Trimezia meridensis Herb. = Trimezia martinicensis
- Trimezia rupestris Ravenna =
- Trimezia sincorana Ravenna = Trimezia spathata subsp. sincorana
- Trimezia violacea (Klatt) Ravenna =
Distribution and habitat[]
The genus is native to the warmer parts of southern Mexico, Central America, South America, Florida, and parts of the West Indies.[1] Trimezia species typically grow in damp grassland.[12]
References[]
Wikispecies has information related to Trimezia. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trimezia. |
- ^ a b c d e "Trimezia Salisb. ex Herb.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2019-05-25
- ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Klingaman, Gerald (2010), Plant of the Week: Walking Iris, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service, archived from the original on 2019-03-01, retrieved 2019-05-26
- ^ Innes, Clive (1985), The World of Iridaceae, Ashington, UK: Holly Gate International, ISBN 978-0-948236-01-3, pp. 375–379
- ^ "Plant Name Details for Trimezia Salisb. ex Herb.", The International Plant Names Index, retrieved 2019-05-25
- ^ Herbert, W. (1844), "85. Trimezia Meridensis", Edwards's Botanical Register, 30: 88, retrieved 2019-05-25
- ^ Manning, John; Goldblatt, Peter (2008), The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification, Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, pp. 226–29, ISBN 0-88192-897-6
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lovo, Juliana; Winkworth, Richard C.; Gil, André dos Santos Bragança; Amaral, Maria do Carmo E.; Bittrich, Volker & Mello-Silva, Renato (2018), "A revised genus-level taxonomy for Trimezieae (Iridaceae) based on expanded molecular and morphological analyses", Taxon, 67 (3): 503–520, doi:10.12705/673.4
- ^ Lovo, Juliana; Winkworth, Richard C. & Mello-Silva, Renato (2012), "New insights into Trimezieae (Iridaceae) phylogeny: what do molecular data tell us?", Annals of Botany, 110 (3): 689–702, doi:10.1093/aob/mcs127, PMC 3400455, PMID 22711695
- ^ Chukr, Nadia Said & Giulietti, Ana Maria (2001), "New combinations in the genus Neomarica (Iridaceae) and its segregation from Trimezia on the basis of morphological features", Novon, 11 (4): 376–380, doi:10.2307/3393147, retrieved 2012-05-07
- ^ a b c Search for "Trimezia", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2019-05-25
- ^ Chukr, N.S. & Giulietti, A.M. (2008), "Revisão de Trimezia Salisb. ex Herb. (Iridaceae) para o Brasil", Sitientibus Sérrie Ciências Biológicas, 8: 15–58
- Trimezia
- Iridaceae genera