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New International Version

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New International Version
Bible - New International Version 2011 - Blue.jpg
AbbreviationNIV
NT published1973
Complete Bible
published		1978
AuthorshipBiblica (formerly International Bible Society)
Textual basis
Translation typeDynamic equivalence
Reading level7.8[3]
Revision1984, 2011
Publisher
CopyrightThe Holy Bible, New International Version, NIV

Copyright 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.

Used by Permission. All rights reserved worldwide.
Religious affiliationEvangelical
Webpagewww.biblica.com/niv-bible/
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.[4]
Genesis 1:1 in other translations
For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.[4]
John 3:16 in other translations
The Bible in English
Main category: Bible translations into English
Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg Bible portal
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The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society). The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest, highest quality manuscripts available. Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English.

A team of 15 biblical scholars, representing a variety of evangelical denominations,[5] worked from the oldest copies of reliable texts, variously written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. Each section was subjected to multiple translations and revisions, and those assessed in detail to produce the best option. Everyday Bible readers were used to provide feedback on ease of understanding and comprehensibility. Finally, plans were made to continue revision of the Bible as new discoveries were made and as changes in the use of the English language occurred.

The NIV is published by Zondervan in the United States and Hodder & Stoughton in the UK. The NIV was updated in 1984 and 2011[6] and has become one of the most popular and best-selling modern translations.[7]

History

The NIV began in 1956 with the formation of a small committee to study the value of producing a translation in the common language of the American people and a project of the National Association of Evangelicals in 1957.[8][9] In 1967, Biblica took responsibility for the project and hired a team of 15 scholars from various Evangelical Christian denominations and from various countries.[10][11] The initial "Committee on Bible Translation" consisted of Leslie Carlson, Edmund Clowney, Ralph Earle, Jr., Burton L. Goddard, R. Laird Harris, Earl S. Kalland, Kenneth Kantzer, Robert H. Mounce, Charles F. Pfeiffer, Charles Caldwell Ryrie, Francis R. Steele, John H. Stek, J. C. Wenger, Stephen W. Paine, and Marten Woudstra. The New Testament was released in 1973 and the full Bible in 1978.[12]

The NIV underwent a minor revision in 1984. In 1995 a new version of the New Testament and Psalms was published in the UK, with the full Bible following in 1996 as the New International Version Inclusive Language Edition, but was not published in the U.S. because of opposition from conservative evangelical groups there to inclusive language.[13] A further edition with minor edits was published in 1999.

A revised English edition titled Today's New International Version (TNIV) was released as a New Testament in March 2002, with the complete Bible being published in February 2005.[14]

2011 update

In 2011, an updated version of the NIV was released. The update modified and dropped some of the gender-neutral language compared to TNIV. This includes going back to using "mankind" and "man" rather than "human beings" and "people", along with other changes.[15] Translational issues with Paul's letters were also addressed.[16][17] Keith Danby—president and chief executive officer of Biblica, speaking of the TNIV—said they had failed to convince people revisions were needed and underestimated readers' loyalty to the 1984 edition.[13]

Derivative versions

Plain English version (NIrV)

An 'easy-reader' version, New International Reader's Version (NIrV), was published in 1996; it was written at a third grade reading level.

Spanish version (NVI)

In 1979, the decision was made to produce a version of the New Testament in Spanish with the title La Santa Biblia, Nueva Versión Internacional (often abbreviated NVI),[18] though at this point this version was based only on the former English translation of the historic manuscripts. In 1990, the committee on Bible translation headed by Drs. René Padilla and Luciano Jaramillo conducted a translation of both testaments from the historic manuscripts directly into Spanish, bypassing English altogether and producing a complete Spanish NVI Bible in 1999.[19]

Portuguese version (NVI)

In 2001, the Nova Versão Internacional in Portuguese was published.[20]

Textual basis

The manuscript base for the Old Testament was the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia Masoretic Hebrew Text. Other ancient texts consulted were the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion, the Latin Vulgate, the Syriac Peshitta, the Aramaic Targum, and for the Psalms the Juxta Hebraica of Jerome.[21] The manuscript base for the New Testament was the Koine Greek language editions of the United Bible Societies and of Nestle-Aland.[22] The deuterocanonical books are not included in the translation.

Translation methodology

The core translation group consisted of fifteen Biblical scholars using Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts whose goal was to produce a more modern English language text than the King James Version. The translation took ten years and involved a team of over 100 scholars[23][24] from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The range of those participating included many different denominations such as Anglicans, Assemblies of God, Baptist, Christian Reformed, Lutheran and Presbyterian.[25]

The NIV is a balance between word-for-word and thought-for-thought or literal and phrase-by-phrase translations.[26]

Recent archaeological and linguistic discoveries helped in understanding passages that have traditionally been difficult to translate. Familiar spellings of traditional translations were generally retained.[27]

Reception

According to the Association for Christian Retail (CBA), the New International Version has become the most popular selling English translation of the Bible in CBA bookstores, having sold more than 450 million copies worldwide.[28]

There are numerous study Bibles available with extensive notes on the text and background information to make the Biblical stories more comprehensible. Among these are the NIV Spirit of the Reformation Study Bible, Concordia Study Bible, the Zondervan published NIV Study Bible, the Wesleyan revision, Reflecting God Study Bible, as well as the Life Application Study Bible.

In 2009, the New Testament scholar N. T. Wright wrote that the NIV obscured what Paul the Apostle was saying, making sure that Paul's words conformed to Protestant and Evangelical tradition. He claims, "if a church only, or mainly, relies on the NIV it will, quite simply, never understand what Paul was talking about," especially in Galatians and Romans.[29] In support of this claim, Wright mentions specifically several verses of Romans 3, which he suggests do not convey how "righteousness" refers to the covenant faithfulness of God or reflect his own thinking about the pistis Christou debate. All editions of the NIV have given "God's Faithfulness" as the heading for Romans 3:1–8. Wright's specific objections concerning verses later in the chapter no longer apply to the 2011 revision of the NIV, which moreover offers "the faithfulness of Jesus Christ" as an alternative translation to "faith in Jesus Christ" in Romans 3:22.

Others have also criticized the NIV. In Genesis 2:19 a translation such as the New Revised Standard Version uses "formed" in a plain past tense: "So out of the ground the LORD God formed every animal ..." Some have questioned the NIV choice of pluperfect: "Now the LORD God had formed out of the ground all the wild animals ..." to try to make it appear that the animals had already been created.[30] Theologian John Sailhamer states "Not only is such a translation ... hardly possible ... but it misses the very point of the narrative, namely, that the animals were created in response to God's declaration that it was not good that the man should be alone."[31]

Biblical scholar Bruce M. Metzger criticized the NIV 1984 edition[32] for the addition of just into Jeremiah 7:22 so the verse becomes "For when I brought your forefathers/ancestors out of Egypt and spoke to them, I did not just give them commands about burnt offerings and sacrifices." Metzger also criticized[32] the addition of your into Matthew 13:32, so it becomes "Though it (the mustard seed) is the smallest of all your seeds." The usage of your was removed in the 2011 revision.[33]

Non-literal translation is used to give interpretations, such as in Luke 11:4,[34] which the NIV translates as "for we also forgive everyone who sins against us" rather than "for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us",[35] or translating the Greek word "sarx" (flesh) as "sinful nature".[36]

2011 revision

Professor of New Testament Studies Daniel B. Wallace[37] praised the 2011 update, calling it "a well-thought out translation, with checks and balances through rigorous testing, overlapping committees to ensure consistency and accuracy, and a publisher willing to commit significant resources to make this Bible appealing to the Christian reader."[38] The Southern Baptist Convention rejected the 2011 update because of gender-neutral language,[39] although it had dropped some gender-neutral language of the 2005 revision.[15] Southern Baptist publisher LifeWay declined the SBC's censor request to remove the NIV from their stores.[40] While the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod rejected its use,[41] some in the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) believe many of the translations changes are right and defensible.[42]

Professor of New Testament Studies Rodney J. Decker wrote in the Themelios Journal review of the NIV 2011:[43]

By taking a mediating position between formal and functional equivalence (though tending, I think, closer to the formal end of the spectrum), the NIV has been able to produce a text that is clearer than many translations, especially those weighted more heavily with formal equivalence ... If we are serious about making the word of God a vital tool in the lives of English-speaking Christians, then we must aim for a translation that communicates clearly in the language of the average English-speaking person. It is here that the NIV excels. It not only communicates the meaning of God's revelation accurately, but does so in English that is easily understood by a wide range of English speakers. It is as well-suited for expository preaching as it is for public reading and use in Bible classes and children's ministries.

References

  1. ^ "Preface". Biblia. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021. For the Old Testament the standard Hebrew text, the Masoretic Text as published in the latest edition of Biblia Hebraica, has been used throughout. ... The Dead Sea Scrolls contain biblical texts that represent an earlier stage of the transmission of the Hebrew text. They have been consulted, as have been the Samaritan Pentateuch and the ancient scribal traditions concerning deliberate textual changes. The translators also consulted the more important early versions—the Greek Septuagint, Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion, the Latin Vulgate, the Syriac Peshitta, the Aramaic Targums, and for the Psalms, the Juxta Hebraica of Jerome.
  2. ^ "Preface". Biblia. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021. The Greek text used in translating the New Testament is an eclectic one, based on the latest editions of the Nestle-Aland/United Bible Societies’ Greek New Testament.
  3. ^ "The New International Reader's Version: What, Who, and Why". International Society of Bible Collectors. April 2000. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
  4. ^ a b Scripture taken from the Holy Bible, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION, NIV Copyright 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.
    NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION and NIV are registered trademarks of Biblica, Inc. Use of either trademark for the offering of goods or services requires the prior written consent of Biblica US, Inc.
  5. ^ "History". NIV Bible. HarperCollins Publishers. Archived from the original on 2020-12-17.
  6. ^ "About The NIV, Version Information". BibleGateway.com. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  7. ^ "August 2009 CBA Best Sellers" (PDF). Christian Booksellers Association. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2014-09-14. BIBLE TRANSLATIONS – Based on Dollar Sales / 1 New International Version [...] BIBLE TRANSLATIONS – Based on Unit Sales / 1 New International VersionCS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  8. ^ Alec Gilmore, A Concise Dictionary of Bible Origins and Interpretation, Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, 2006, p. 136
  9. ^ Ronald F. Youngblood; Glen G. Scorgie; Mark L. Strauss; Steven M. Voth, eds. (2003). The Challenge of Bible Translation: Communicating God's Word to the World. Zondervan. pp. 236–245. ISBN 0-310-24685-7. Retrieved 2014-09-13.
  10. ^ Jim Ruark, The House of Zondervan: Celebrating 75 Years, Zondervan, USA, 2011, p. 152
  11. ^ Alec Gilmore, A Concise Dictionary of Bible Origins and Interpretation, Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, 2006, p. 136
  12. ^ Alec Gilmore, A Concise Dictionary of Bible Origins and Interpretation, Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, 2006, p. 136
  13. ^ a b "Update of popular 'NIV' Bible due in 2011". USA Today. 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
  14. ^ Phan, Katherine T. (March 13, 2011). "New NIV Bible to Debut Amid Ongoing Concern". The Christian Post. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  15. ^ a b Smietana, Bob. "New Bible drops gender-neutral language of '05 version". USA Today. Gannett Co. Inc. Retrieved 2015-07-30. But they also made changes – like going back to using words like "mankind" and "man" instead of "human beings" and "people" – in order to appease critics.
  16. ^ "Updated NIV Text Available for Online Viewing November 1". Zondervan. Archived from the original on 2011-03-11. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
  17. ^ World's most popular Bible to be revised, NBC News, 1 September 2009, archived from the original on 15 February 2020, retrieved 2011-02-19
  18. ^ "Nueva Versión Internacional – Version Information – BibleGateway.com".
  19. ^ John Riches, The New Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 4, From 1750 to the Present, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2012, p. 453
  20. ^ Joel Morales Cruz, The Histories of the Latin American Church: A Handbook, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, USA, 2014, p. 49
  21. ^ Irwin, Ben (2002). History of the English Bible (PDF). Zondervan. p. 61. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-31.
  22. ^ Barker, Kenneth L. (1991). The NIV The Making of a Contemporary Translation. International Bible Society. p. 54.
  23. ^ "About the NIV".
  24. ^ "History of the New International Version". About.com. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
  25. ^ Irwin, Ben (2002). History of the English Bible (PDF). Zondervan. p. 60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-31.
  26. ^ "Bible Translation Chart" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-02-09.
  27. ^ "Background of the New International Version (NIV) Bible". "Although archaeological and linguistic discoveries in this century aid in understanding difficult passages", "As for other proper nouns, the familiar spellings of the King James Version are generally retained" Paragraphs 14 & 17
  28. ^ Menzie, Nicola (27 March 2013). "NIV remains the bestselling Bible translation". Christian Today. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  29. ^ "In this context, I must register one strong protest against one particular translation. When the New International Version was published in 1980, I was one of those who hailed it with delight. I believed its own claim about itself, that it was determined to translate exactly what was there, and inject no extra paraphrasing or interpretative glosses. This contrasted so strongly with the then popular New English Bible, and promised such an advance over the then rather dated Revised Standard Version, that I recommended it to students and members of the congregation I was then serving. Disillusionment set in over the next two years, as I lectured verse by verse through several of Paul's letters, not least Galatians and Romans. Again and again, with the Greek text in front of me and the NIV beside it, I discovered that the translators had another principle, considerably higher than the stated one: to make sure that Paul should say what the broadly Protestant and evangelical tradition said he said. I do not know what version of scripture they use at Dr Piper's church. But I do know that if a church only, or mainly, relies on the NIV it will, quite simply, never understand what Paul was talking about." Wright, N. T. (2009). Justification : God's Plan and Paul's Vision. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-8308-3863-9.
  30. ^ Mariottini, Claude F. (2013). Rereading the Biblical Text: Searching for Meaning and Understanding. Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1-62032-827-9.
  31. ^ Sailhamer, John H. The Expositor's Bible Commentary. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-36440-5.
  32. ^ a b Metzger, Bruce M. (2001). The Bible in Translation : Ancient and English Versions. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-8010-2282-1. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
  33. ^ Matthew 13:32
  34. ^ Luke 11:4
  35. ^ KJV. The NIV has a footnote saying "Greek everyone who is indebted to us".
  36. ^ This is done almost systematically, see Edward W. Goodrick (2004). The Strongest NIV Exhaustive Concordance. ISBN 978-0-310-26285-5.
  37. ^ "Daniel B. Wallace Faculty Page". Dallas Theological Seminary. Archived from the original on 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
  38. ^ Wallace, Dan. "A Review of the New International Version 2011". Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
  39. ^ Stephanie Samuel. "LifeWay Tells Critics of 2011 NIV Bible: 'Trust the Trustees'". Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  40. ^ Marty King. "LifeWay to continue selling NIV; trustees select new leadership". Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
  41. ^ Audrey Barrick. "Lutherans Latest to Reject New NIV Bible Over Gender Language". Retrieved 2012-09-05.
  42. ^ Kenneth A. Cherney, Jr. "Gender-Neutral Language, with Special Reference to NIV 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-18. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  43. ^ Decker, Rodney J. (November 2011). "An Evaluation of the 2011 Edition of the New International Version" (PDF). Themelios. 36 (3): 447–448.

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