Noctuoidea
Noctuoidea | |
---|---|
Large yellow underwing, Noctua pronuba | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Lepidoptera |
Clade: | Eulepidoptera |
Clade: | Ditrysia |
Clade: | Apoditrysia |
Clade: | Obtectomera |
Clade: | Macroheterocera |
Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
Families | |
| |
Diversity | |
over 70,000 species |
Noctuoidea is the superfamily of noctuid (Latin "night owl") or "owlet" moths, and has more than 70,000 described species, the largest number of for any Lepidopteran superfamily. Its classification has not yet reached a satisfactory or stable state. Since the end of the 20th century, increasing availability of molecular phylogenetic data for this hugely successful radiation has led to several competing proposals for a taxonomic arrangement that correctly represents the relationships between the major lineages.
Briefly, the disputes center on the fact that in old treatments (which were just as unable to reach a general consensus) the distinctness of some groups, such as the Arctiidae or Lymantriidae, was overrated due to their characteristic appearance, while some less-studied lineages conventionally held to be Noctuidae are in fact quite distinct. This requires a rearrangement at least of the latter family (by simply including anything disputed within it). This is quite unwieldy, and various more refined treatments have been proposed in response to it. While there is general agreement on what the basal families of Noctuoidea are, the more diverse advanced group may be treated as one all-encompassing Noctuidae, two huge and two smaller, or even (if Arctiidae or Lymantriidae are kept distinct) more than four families, which are in some cases still quite sizeable.
Recent developments[]
There are several recent studies suggesting a radical change in the traditional family level classification. Recent works in redefining the families within the Noctuoidea has been carried out by Kitching (1984), Poole (1995), Kitching and Rawlins [1998], Speidel et al. (1996), Mitchell et al. (1997, 2000, 2006), Fibiger and Lafontaine (2005), Lafontaine and Fibiger (2006) and Zahiri et al. (2010).
The Noctuoidea can be divided into two broad groups, those with a trifid forewing venation (Oenosandridae, Notodontidae and Doidae), and those with a quadrifid forewing venation (e.g., Arctiidae, Lymantriidae, Nolidae, Noctuidae). What has emerged from these investigations is that the quadrifid Noctuoidea form a monophyletic group. In 2005, Fibiger and Lafontaine arranged the quadrifid (forewing) group into several families, including the quadrifine (hindwing) Erebidae and trifine (hindwing) Noctuidae, based on evidence that suggested that the trifine noctuid subfamilies were derived from within the quadrifine subfamilies, so the family Erebidae would not be strictly monophyletic.
Lafontaine and Fibiger in 2006 then redefined the Noctuidae to include the entire quadrifid group, believing the Arctiidae, Lymantriidae, and Nolidae to be derived from within this expanded concept of Noctuidae (and closely related to the subfamily Catocalinae). In essence, groups such as the Arctiidae, which had previously been treated as a separate family, were more closely related to groups within the Noctuidae than to non-noctuid families. In order to address this, a revised classification would have meant either recognizing over 20 (often weakly defined) families, or a single well-defined family with numerous subfamilies. The latter was adopted (Lafontaine and Fibiger 2006).
More recent evidence from nuclear genes (Zahiri et al. 2010) confirms that the quadrifid (forewing) noctuoids form a monophyletic group, but also that this group can be further arranged into four monophyletic subgroups: 1) the quadrifine subfamilies; 2) the trifine subfamilies; 3) the Nolinae; and 4) the Euteliinae. Considering the massive size of the family, and the large number of subfamilies, tribes, and subtribes to arrange into a classification, Zahiri et al. (2010) chose the option of recognizing these four groups as families, namely Erebidae, Noctuidae, Nolidae, and Euteliidae, in addition to the basal trifid families.
Systematics[]
This section needs to be updated.(December 2011) |
This follows Lafontaine & Fibiger (2006), with the additions of Hacker & Zilli, 2007 and taxa in Micronoctuidae Fibiger, 2005. Note that the placement of Arctiidae, Lymantriidae and Nolidae as subfamilies of Noctuidae has been largely rejected by subsequent authors. An updated classification for North American Noctuoidea has recently been published (Lafontaine & Schmidt, 2010) and further changes are imminent for a global molecular review of the superfamily (Zahiri et al., in press).
- Family Oenosandridae Miller, 1991
- Family Doidae Donahue & Brown, 1987
- Family Notodontidae Stephens, 1829
- Subfamily Thaumetopoeinae Aurivillius, 1889
- Subfamily Pygaerinae Duponchel, 1845
- Subfamily Platychasmatinae Nakamura, 1956
- Subfamily Notodontinae Stephens, 1829
- Tribe Stephens, 1829
- Tribe Duponchel, 1845
- Subfamily Butler, 1886
- Subfamily Matsumura, 1925
- Tribe Matsumura, 1925
- Tribe Miller, 1991
- Subfamily Guenée, 1852
- Subfamily Heterocampinae Neumogen & Dyar, 1894
- Subfamily Nystaleinae Forbes, 1948
- Subfamily Dioptinae Walker, 1862
- Family Micronoctuidae Fibiger, 2005
- Subfamily Micronoctuinae Fibiger, 2005
- Subfamily Pollexinae Fibiger, 2007
- Subfamily Belluliinae Fibiger, 2008
- Tribe Fibiger, 2008
- Tribe Fibiger, 2008
- Subfamily Magninae Fibiger, 2008
- Tribe Fibiger, 2008
- Tribe Fibiger, 2008
- Subfamily Parachrostiinae Fibiger, 2008
- Tribe Fibiger, 2008
- Tribe Fibiger, 2008
- Family Noctuidae Latreille, 1809
- Subfamily Rivulinae Grote, 1895
- Subfamily Boletobiinae Grote, 1895
- Subfamily Hypenodinae Forbes, 1954
- Subfamily Araeopteroninae Fibiger, 2005
- Subfamily Eublemminae Forbes, 1954
- Tribe Eublemmini Forbes, 1954
- Tribe Grote, 1882
- Subfamily Herminiinae Leach, 1815
- Subfamily Scolecocampinae Grote, 1883
- Subfamily Hypeninae Herrich-Schäffer, 1851
- Subfamily Phytometrinae Hampson, 1913
- Subfamily Aventiinae Tutt, 1896
- Subfamily Erebinae Leach, 1815
- Subfamily Calpinae Boisduval, 1840
- Tribe Anomini Grote, 1882
- Tribe Calpini Boisduval, 1840
- Tribe Phyllodini Guenée, 1852
- Subfamily Catocalinae Boisduval, 1828
- Tribe Guenée, 1852
- Tribe Acantholipini Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005
- Tribe Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005
- Tribe Melipotini Grote, 1895
- Tribe Euclidiini Guenée, 1852
- Tribe Forbes, 1954
- Tribe Ophiusini Guenée, 1837 (= Omopterini Boisduval, 1833, suppressed older syn.)
- Tribe Catocalini Boisduval, 1828
- Tribe Holloway, 2005 (= Anobini Wiltshire, 1990, nomen nudum)
- Tribe Sypnini Holloway, 2005
- Tribe Hypopyrini Guenée, 1852
- Tribe Moore, 1885
- Tribe Hulodini Guenée, 1852 (= Speiredoniinae Swinhoe, 1900)
- Tribe Ommatophorini Guenée, 1852
- Tribe Pericymini Wiltshire; 1976
- Tribe Pandesmini Wiltshire, 1990, nomen nudum
- Tribe Catephiini Guenée, 1852
- Tribe Berio, 1992
- Subfamily Boisduval, 1874
- Subfamily Stictopterinae Hampson, 1894
- Subfamily Euteliinae Grote, 1882
- (Subfamily Nolinae) Bruand, 1846, stat rev.
- Tribe Bruand, 1846, stat rev.
- Tribe Stainton, 1859, stat rev.
- Subtribe Stainton, 1859, stat rev.
- Subtribe Hampson, 1894, stat rev.
- Subtribe Mell, 1943, stat rev.
- Subtribe Moore, 1883, stat rev.
- Subtribe Mell, 1943, stat rev.
- Tribe Hampson, 1918, stat rev.
- Tribe Hampson, 1912, stat rev.
- Tribe Mell, 1943, stat rev.
- Tribe Mell, 1943, stat rev.
- Tribe Kitching & Rawlins, 1998, stat rev.
- Tribe Kitching & Rawlins, 1998, stat rev.
- Tribe Mell, 1943, stat rev.
- Subfamily Aganainae Boisduval, 1833
- (Subfamily Arctiinae Leach, 1815), stat. nov.
- Tribe Lithosiini Billberg, 1820, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Phryganopterygina Bendib & Minet, 1999, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Bendib & Minet, 1999, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Eudesmiina Bendib & Minet, 1999, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Cisthenina Bendib & Minet, 1999, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Nudariina Börner, 1920, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Endrosina Börner, 1932, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Lithosiina Billberg, 1820, stat. rev.
- Tribe Syntomini Herrich-Schäffer, 1846, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Herrich-Schäffer, 1846, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Butler, 1876, stat. rev.
- Tribe Arctiini Leach, 1815, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Arctiina Leach, 1815, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Callimorphina Walker, 1865, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Pericopina Walker, 1865, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Phaegopterina Kirby, 1892, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Ctenuchina Kirby, 1837, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Euchromiina Butler, 1876, stat. rev.
- Tribe Lithosiini Billberg, 1820, stat. rev.
- (Subfamily Lymantriinae) Hampson, 1893, stat. nov.
- Tribe Lymantriini Hampson, 1893, stat. rev.
- Tribe Orgyiini Wallengren, 1861, stat. rev.
- Tribe Arctornithini Holloway, 1999, stat. rev.
- Tribe Leucomini Grote, 1895, stat. rev.
- Tribe Nygmiini Holloway, 1999, stat. rev.
- Subfamily Meyrick, 1930, stat rev.
- Subfamily Plusiinae Boisduval, 1828
- Tribe Abrostolini Eichlin & Cunningham, 1978
- Tribe Argyrogrammatini Eichlin & Cunningham, 1978
- Tribe Plusiini Boisduval, 1828
- Subtribe Kitching, 1987
- Subtribe Chou & Lu, 1979
- Subtribe Boisduval, 1828
- Subfamily Eustrotiinae Grote, 1882
- Subfamily Bagisarinae Crumb, 1956
- Tribe Crumb, 1956
- Tribe Cydosiini Kitching & Rawlins, 1998
- Subfamily Acontiinae Guenée, 1841
- Tribe Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005
- Tribe Guenée, 1841
- Tribe Armadini Wiltshire, 1961
- Tribe Beck, 1960
- Subfamily Pantheinae Smith, 1898
- Subfamily Diphtherinae Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005
- Subfamily Dilobinae Aurivillius, 1889
- Subfamily Raphiinae Beck, 1996
- Subfamily Grote, 1896, stat. rev.
- Subfamily Acronictinae Heinemann, 1859
- Subfamily Metoponiinae Herrich-Schäffer, 1851
- Subfamily Speidel, Fänger & Naumann, 1996
- Subfamily Speidel, Fänger & Naumann, 1996
- Subfamily Agaristinae Herrich-Schäffer, 1858
- Subfamily Hampson, 1918
- Subfamily Cuculliinae Herrich-Schäffer, 1850
- Subfamily Oncocnemidinae Forbes & Franclemont, 1954
- Subfamily Amphipyrinae Guenée, 1837
- Subfamily Grote, 1896
- Tribe Psaphidini Grote, 1896
- Tribe Poole, 1995
- Tribe Poole, 1995
- Tribe Poole, 1995
- Subfamily Stiriinae Grote, 1882
- Tribe Stiriini Grote, 1882
- Tribe Poole, 1995
- Tribe Poole, 1995
- Subfamily Heliothinae Boisduval, 1828
- Subfamily Condicinae Poole, 1995
- Tribe Condicini Poole, 1995
- Tribe Leuconyctini Poole, 1995
- Subfamily Herrich-Schäffer, 1851
- Subfamily Bryophilinae Guenée, 1852
- Subfamily Guenée, 1837
- Tribe Pseudeustrotiini Beck, 1996
- Tribe Poole, 1995, stat. rev.
- Tribe Forbes, 1954
- Tribe Beck, 1996
- Tribe Caradrinini Boisduval, 1840
- Subtribe Boisduval, 1840
- Subtribe Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005
- Tribe Forbes, 1954
- Tribe Beck, 1996
- Tribe Hampson, 1918
- Tribe Apameini Guenée, 1841 (= Nonagriini Guenée, 1837, suppressed older syn.)
- Subtribe Gozmany, 1970
- Subtribe Guenée, 1841
- Subtribe Fibiger & Goldstein, 2005
- Tribe Grote, 1883
- Tribe Guenée, 1852
- Tribe Xylenini Guenée, 1837
- Subtribe Guenée, 1837
- Subtribe Guenée, 1852, stat. rev.
- Subtribe Forbes & Franclemont, 1954
- Subtribe Crumb, 1956
- Subfamily Hadeninae Guenée, 1837
- Tribe Orthosiini Guenée, 1837
- Tribe Beck, 1996
- Tribe Hadenini Guenée, 1837
- Tribe Leucaniini Guenée, 1837
- Tribe Eriopygini Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005
- Tribe Guenée, 1852
- Subfamily Noctuinae Latreille, 1809
References[]
- Fibiger, Michael (2007). "Revision of the Micronoctuidae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea). Part 1, Taxonomy of the Pollexinae" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1567: 1–116. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1567.1.1.
- Fibiger, Michael (2008). "Revision of the Micronoctuidae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea). Part 2, Taxonomy of the Belluliinae, Magninae and Parachrostiinae" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1867: 1–136. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1867.1.1.
- Hacker, Hermann H. & Zilli, Alberto (2007). Esperiana Buchreihe zur Entomologie Memoir 3: 179–246.
- Kitching, Ian J. & Rawlins, John E. (1999). "The Noctuoidea". In: Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography, ed. N. P.Kristensen, pp. 355–401. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
- Lafontaine, J. Donald & Fibiger, Michael (2006). "Revised higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera)". Canadian Entomologist. 138 (5): 610–635 doi:10.4039/n06-012
- Lafontaine, J. Donald; Schmidt, B. Christian (2010). "Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico". ZooKeys (40): 1–239. doi:10.3897/zookeys.40.414. ISBN 9789546425355.
- O'Toole, Christopher (ed.) (2002). Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders. ISBN 1-55297-612-2.
- Zahiri, Reza; Kitching, Ian J.; Lafontaine, J. Donald; Mutanen, Marko; Kaila, Lauri; Holloway, Jeremy Daniel; Wahlberg, Niklas (2010). "A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera)" (PDF). Zoologica Scripta. 40: 158–173. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00459.x. S2CID 55916815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
External links[]
Wikispecies has information related to Noctuoidea. |
- Tree of Life
- Noctuoidea (summary of R. Zahiri's ongoing PhD studies)
- Noctuoidea
- Lepidoptera superfamilies