Page extended-protected

Occupational burnout

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Burnout" redirects here. For other uses, see Burnout (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Occupational burning.

Occupational burn-out
Other namesBurn-out
Headache-1557872 960 720.jpg
A person who is experiencing psychological stress
SpecialtyPsychology Edit this on Wikidata

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), occupational burnout is a syndrome resulting from chronic work-related stress, with symptoms characterized by "feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion; increased mental distance from one’s job, or feelings of negativism or cynicism related to one's job; and reduced professional efficacy."[1] While burnout may influence health and can be a reason for people contacting health services, it is not itself classified by the WHO as a medical condition or mental disorder.[1] The World Health Organization states that "Burn-out refers specifically to phenomena in the occupational context and should not be applied to describe experiences in other areas of life."[1]

In 1974, Herbert Freudenberger an American psychologist, coined the term "burnout"[2][dubious – discuss] and in 1974 was the first researcher to publish in a scientific journal research on the syndrome. The paper was based on his observations of the volunteer staff (including himself) at a free clinic for drug addicts.[3] He characterized burnout by a set of symptoms that includes exhaustion resulting from work's excessive demands as well as physical symptoms such as headaches and sleeplessness, "quickness to anger," and closed thinking. He observed that the burned-out worker "looks, acts, and seems depressed." After the publication of Freudenberger's original paper, interest in occupational burnout grew. Wolfgang Kaskcha has written on the early documentation of the subject.[4] Because the phrase "burnt-out" was part of the title of the 1961 Graham Greene novel A Burnt-Out Case, which dealt with a doctor working in the Belgian Congo with patients who had leprosy, the phrase was likely in use outside the psychology literature before Freudenberger employed it.[5][a] Wolfgang Kaskcha has written on the early documentation of the subject.[4]

Christina Maslach described burnout in terms of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (treating clients, students, customers, or colleagues in a distant and/or cynical way), and reduced feelings of work-related personal accomplishment.[7][8] In 1981, Maslach and Susan Jackson published an instrument for assessing burnout, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).[9] It is the first such instrument of its kind and the most widely used burnout instrument.[10] The MBI originally focused on human service professionals (e.g., teachers, social workers).[9] Since that time, the MBI has been used for a wider variety of workers (e.g., healthcare workers). The instrument or its variants are now employed with job incumbents working in many other occupations.[7] The WHO adopted a conceptualization of burnout that is consistent with Maslach's,[11] although the organization does not treat burnout as a mental disorder.

Maslach[11] advanced the idea that burnout should not be viewed as depression. Moreover, the World Health Organization[12] does not recognize burnout as a medical or psychiatric condition. A meta-analysis by Koutsimani et al.[13] suggests that burnout and depression are different constructs although they found that correlation of burnout and depression was 0.75, very high for social science research, but still far from 1.00 (the highest a correlation can be is 1.00). Other recent meta-analytic research[14] indicates that burnout may be best viewed as a depressive syndrome. Confirmatory factor-analytic evidence[15] indicates that the exhaustion component of burnout is more highly related to depression than the depersonalization and personal accomplishment components. Further research is needed.

Diagnosis

Classification

Burnout is not recognized as a distinct mental disorder in the current revision (dating from 2013) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).[16] Its definitions for Adjustment Disorders,[17][18][19] and Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorder in some cases reflect the condition. The Royal Dutch Medical Association, however, defines "burnout" as a subtype of adjustment disorder.[20] In The Netherlands burnout is included in handbooks and medical staff are trained in its diagnosis and treatment.[21]

Regarding the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), the ICD-10 edition (current 1994–2021) classifies "burn-out" as a type of non-medical life-management difficulty under code Z73.0.[22] It is considered to be one of the "factors influencing health status and contact with health services" and "should not be used" for "primary mortality coding".[23] It is also considered one of the "problems related to life-management difficulty".[24] The condition is further defined as being a "state of vital exhaustion," which historically had been called neurasthenia.[25]

The ICD-10 also contains a medical condition category of "F43.8 Other reactions to severe stress,"[26] which sometimes has also been labeled neurasthenia). The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare defines neurasthenia as more serious than burnout. Swedish sufferers of severe burnout have been treated as having neurasthenia.[21] This category is in the same group as adjustment disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, other conditions caused by excessive stress that continue once the stressors have been removed.[27]

A new version of the ICD, ICD-11, was released in June 2018, for first use in January 2022.[28] The new version has an entry coded and titled "QD85 Burn-out". The ICD-11 describes the condition this way:

Burn-out is a syndrome conceptualized as resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed. It is characterized by three dimensions: 1) feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion; 2) increased mental distance from one’s job, or feelings of negativism or cynicism related to one's job; and 3) reduced professional efficacy. Burn-out refers specifically to phenomena in the occupational context and should not be applied to describe experiences in other areas of life.[29]

This condition is classified under "Problems associated with employment or unemployment" in the section on "Factors influencing health status or contact with health services." The section is devoted to reasons other than recognized diseases or health conditions for which people contact health services.[1][30] In a statement made in May 2019, the WHO said "Burn-out is included in the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as an occupational phenomenon. It is not classified as a medical condition."[31]

The ICD's browser and coding tool both attach the term "caregiver burnout" to category "QF27 Difficulty or need for assistance at home and no other household member able to render care."[32][33] QF27 thus acknowledges that burnout can occur outside the work context.

The ICD-11 also has the medical condition "6B4Y Other specified disorders specifically associated with stress,"[34] which is the equivalent of the ICD-10's F43.8.

Instruments

In 1981, Maslach and Jackson developed the first widely used instrument for assessing burnout, namely, the MBI.[9] Consistent with Maslach's conceptualization, the MBI operationalizes burnout as a three-dimensional syndrome consisting of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment.[7][9] Other researchers have argued that burnout should be limited to fatigue and exhaustion.[35] Exhaustion is considered to be burnout's core.[11][36]

There are, however, other conceptualizations of burnout that differ from the conceptualization suggested by Maslach and adopted by the WHO. Shirom and Melamed with their Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM) conceptualize burnout in terms of physical exhaustion, cognitive weariness, and emotional exhaustion.[37][38] An examination of the SMBM's emotional exhaustion subscale, however, indicates that the subscale more clearly embodies Maslach's[11] concept of depersonalization than her concept of emotional exhaustion.[10] Demerouti and Bakker, with their Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, conceptualize burnout in terms of exhaustion and disengagement.[39] There are still other conceptualizations as well that are embodied in these instruments: the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory,[40] the Hamburg Burnout Inventory,[41] Malach-Pines's Burnout Measure,[42] and more. Kristensen et al.[40] and Malach-Pines (who also published as Pines)[43] advanced the view that burnout can also occur in connection to life outside of work. For example, Malach-Pines developed a burnout measure keyed the role of spouse.[44][45]

In 1999, Wilmar Schaufeli and Arnold Bakker released the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). The UWES measures vigour, dedication and absorption; positive counterparts to the values measured by the MBI.[46]

In 2010, researchers from Mayo Clinic used portions of the MBI, along with other comprehensive assessments, to develop the Well-Being Index, a nine-item self-assessment tool designed to measure burnout and other dimensions of distress in healthcare workers specifically.[47]

The core of all of these conceptualizations, including that of Freudenberger, is exhaustion. Alternatively, burnout is also now seen as involving the full array of depressive symptoms (e.g., low mood, cognitive alterations, sleep disturbance).[48][49] Marked differences among researchers' conceptualizations of what constitutes burnout have underlined the need for a consensus definition.[50][51]

A new instrument, the Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI),[52] quantifies the severity of work-attributed depressive symptoms and establishes provisional diagnoses of job-ascribed depression.

Subtypes

In 1991, Barry A. Farber[53] in his research on teachers proposed that there are three types of burnout:

  • "wearout" and "brown-out," where someone gives up having had too much stress and/or too little reward
  • "classic/frenetic burnout," where someone works harder and harder, trying to resolve the stressful situation and/or seek suitable reward for their work
  • "underchallenged burnout," where someone has low stress, but the work is unrewarding.

Farber found evidence that the most idealistic teachers who enter the profession are the most likely to suffer burnout.

Caregiver burnout

Main article: Caregiver stress

Burnout affects caregivers.

Relationship with other conditions

A growing body of evidence suggests that burnout is etiologically, clinically, and nosologically similar to depression.[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][50] In a study that directly compared depressive symptoms in burned out workers and clinically depressed patients, no diagnostically significant differences were found between the two groups; burned out workers reported as many depressive symptoms as clinically depressed patients.[61] Moreover, a study by Bianchi, Schonfeld, and Laurent (2014) showed that about 90% of workers with very high scores on the MBI meet diagnostic criteria for depression.[57] The view that burnout is a form of depression has found support in several recent studies.[36][55][56][58][59][60][62] Some authors have recommended that the nosological concept of burnout be revised or even abandoned entirely given that it is not a distinct disorder and that there is no agreement on burnout's diagnostic criteria.[50][63] A newer generation of studies indicates that burnout, particularly its exhaustion dimension, problematically overlaps with depression; these studies have relied on more sophisticated statistical techniques, for example, exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) bifactor analysis, than earlier studies of the topic.[64][36] The advantage of ESEM bifactor analysis, which combines the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, is that it provides a granular look at item-construct relationships, without falling into traps earlier burnout researchers fell into.[65]

Liu and van Liew[19] wrote that "the term burnout is used so frequently that it has lost much of its original meaning. As originally used, burnout meant a mild degree of stress-induced unhappiness. The solutions ranged from a vacation to a sabbatical. Ultimately, it was used to describe everything from fatigue to a major depression and now seems to have become an alternative word for depression, but with a less serious significance" (p. 434). The authors equate burnout with adjustment disorder with depressed mood.

Kakiashvili et al.,[66] however, argued that while there are significant overlaps in symptoms between burnout and depression. There is some endocrine evidence to suggest that the biological basis of burnout is different to typical depression. They argued that antidepressants should not be used by people with burnout as they make the underlying hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction worse.

Test Major depressive disorder Atypical depression PTSD Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Burnout
Cortisol awakening response ↑ ↓ [67] ↓ ↓ [68][69] - or ↓
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ↑ - [70] - or ↓
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) ↓ ↑ or ↓ ↓ [71] ↑

[66][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]

Despite its name, depression with atypical features, which is seen in the above table, is not a rare form of depression.[79] The cortisol profile in atypical depression, in contrast to that of melancholic depression, is similar to the cortisol profile found in burnout.[57] Commentators advanced the view that burnout differs from depression because the cortisol profile of burnout differs from that of melancholic depression; however, as the above table indicates, burnout's cortisol profile is similar to that of atypical depression.[57]

It has also been hypothesised that chronic fatigue syndrome is caused by burnout.[80][81] It is suggested that the "burning out" of the body's stress symptom (by any of a wide range of causes) can lead to chronic fatigue. "Occupational burnout" is known for its exhausting effect on sufferers. Overtraining syndrome, a similar but lesser exhausting condition to CFS has been conceptualised as adjustment disorder, a common diagnosis for those burnt out.[82]

Risk factors

Evidence suggests that the etiology of burnout is multifactorial, with personality factors playing an important, long-overlooked role.[83][84] Cognitive dispositional factors implicated in depression have also been found to be implicated in burnout.[85] One cause of burnout includes stressors that a person is unable to cope with fully.[86]

Burnout is thought to occur when a mismatch is present between the nature of the job and the job the person is actually doing. A common indication of this mismatch is work overload, which sometimes involves a worker who survives a round of layoffs, but after the layoffs the worker finds that he or she is doing too much with too few resources. Overload may occur in the context of downsizing, which often does not narrow an organization's goals, but requires fewer employees to meet those goals.[87] The research on downsizing, however, indicates that downsizing has more destructive effects on the health of the workers who survive the layoffs than mere burnout; these health effects include increased levels of sickness and greater risk of mortality.[88]

The job demands-resources model has implications for burnout, as measured by the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI). Physical and psychological job demands were concurrently associated with the exhaustion, as measured by the OLBI.[89] Lack of job resources was associated with the disengagement component of the OLBI.

Maslach, Schaufeli and Leiter identified six risk factors for burnout: mismatch in workload, mismatch in control, lack of appropriate awards, loss of a sense of positive connection with others in the workplace, perceived lack of fairness, and conflict between values.[11]

Effects

Some research indicates that burnout is associated with reduced job performance,[citation needed] coronary heart disease,[90] and mental health problems.[citation needed] Examples of emotional symptoms of occupational burnout include a lack of interest in the work being done, a decrease in work performance levels, feelings of helplessness, and trouble sleeping.[91] With regard to mental health problems, research on dentists[55] and physicians[41] suggests that what is meant by burnout is a depressive syndrome. Thus reduced job performance and cardiovascular risk could be related to burnout because of burnout's tie to depression. Behavioral signs of occupational burnout are demonstrated through cynicism within workplace relationships with coworkers, clients, and the organization itself.

Other effects of burnout can manifest as lower energy and productivity levels, with workers observed to be consistently late for work and feeling a sense of dread upon arriving. They can suffer concentration problems, forgetfulness, increased frustration, and/or feelings of being overwhelmed. They may complain and feel negative, or feel apathetic and believe they have little impact on their coworkers and environment.[91] Occupational burnout is also associated with absenteeism, other time missed from work, and thoughts of quitting.[92]

Chronic burnout is also associated with cognitive impairments in memory and attention.[93] (See also Effects of stress on memory.)

Research suggests that burnout can manifest differently between genders, with higher levels of depersonalisation among men and increased emotional exhaustion among women.[94][95] Other research suggests that people revealing a history of occupational burnout face future hiring discrimination. [96]

When it happens in the context of volunteering, burnout can often lead to volunteers significantly reducing their activities or stopping volunteering altogether.[97]

Treatment and prevention

Health condition treatment and prevention methods are often classified as "primary prevention" (stopping the condition occurring), "secondary prevention" (removing the condition that has occurred) and "tertiary prevention" (helping people live with the condition).

Primary prevention

See also: Occupational stress, Caregiver stress, and Stress management

Maslach believes that the only way to truly prevent burnout is through a combination of organizational change and education for the individual.[87]

Maslach and Leiter postulated that burnout occurs when there is a disconnection between the organization and the individual with regard to what they called the six areas of worklife: workload, control, reward, community, fairness, and values.[11] Resolving these discrepancies requires integrated action on the part of both the individual and the organization.[11] With regard to workload, assuring that a worker has adequate resources to meet demands as well as ensuring a satisfactory work–life balance could help revitalize employees' energy.[11] With regard to values, clearly stated ethical organizational values are important for ensuring employee commitment.[11] Supportive leadership and relationships with colleagues are also helpful.[11]

One approach for addressing these discrepancies focuses specifically on the fairness area. In one study employees met weekly to discuss and attempt to resolve perceived inequities in their job.[98] The intervention was associated with decreases in exhaustion over time but not cynicism or inefficacy, suggesting that a broader approach is required.[11]

Hätinen et al. suggest "improving job-person fit by focusing attention on the relationship between the person and the job situation, rather than either of these in isolation, seems to be the most promising way of dealing with burnout.".[99] They also note that "at the individual level, cognitive-behavioural strategies have the best potential for success."

Burnout prevention programs have traditionally focused on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), cognitive restructuring, didactic stress management, and relaxation. CBT, relaxation techniques (including physical techniques and mental techniques), and schedule changes are the best-supported techniques for reducing or preventing burnout in a health-care setting. Mindfulness therapy has been shown to be an effective preventative for occupational burnout in medical practitioners.[100] Combining both organizational and individual-level activities may be the most beneficial approach to reducing symptoms. A Cochrane review, however, reported that evidence for the efficacy of CBT in healthcare workers is of low quality, indicating that it is no better than alternative interventions.[8]

For the purpose of preventing occupational burnout, various stress management interventions have been shown to help improve employee health and well-being in the workplace and lower stress levels. Training employees in ways to manage stress in the workplace have also been shown to be effective in preventing burnout.[101] One study suggests that social-cognitive processes such as commitment to work, self-efficacy, learned resourcefulness, and hope may insulate individuals from experiencing occupational burnout.[92] Increasing a worker's control over his or her job is another intervention has been shown to help counteract exhaustion and cynicism in the workplace.[102]

Additional prevention methods include: starting the day with a relaxing ritual; yoga; adopting healthy eating, exercising, and sleeping habits; setting boundaries; taking breaks from technology; nourishing one's creative side, and learning how to manage stress.[103][104][105]

Barry A. Farber suggests strategies like setting more achievable goals, focusing on the value of the work, and finding better ways of doing the job, can all be helpful ways of helping the stressed. People who don't mind the stress but want more reward can benefit from reassessing their work–life balance and implementing stress reduction techniques like meditation and exercise. Others with low stress, but are underwhelmed and bored with work, can benefit from seeking greater challenge.[106]

Secondary and tertiary prevention (aka treatment)

See also: Management of depression, Treatments for PTSD, and Chronic fatigue syndrome treatment

Hätinen et al. list a number of common treatments, including treatment of any outstanding medical conditions, stress management, time management, depression treatment, psychotherapies, ergonomic improvement and other physiological and occupational therapy, physical exercise and relaxation. They have found that is more effective to have a greater focus on "group discussions on work related issues", and discussion about "work and private life interface" and other personal needs with psychologists and workplace representatives.[102]

Jac JL van der Klink and Frank JH van Dijk suggest stress inoculation training, cognitive restructuring, graded activity and "time contingency" (progressing based on a timeline rather than patient's comfort) are effective methods of treatment.[20]

Kakiashvili et al. say that "medical treatment of burnout is mostly symptomatic: it involves measures to prevent and treat the symptoms." They say the use of anxiolytics and sedatives to treat burnout related stress is effective, but does nothing to change the sources of stress. They say the poor sleep often caused by burnout (and the subsequent fatigue) is best treated with hypnotics and CBT (within which they include "sleep hygiene, education, relaxation training, stimulus control, and cognitive therapy"). They advise against the use of antidepressants as they worsen the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction at the core of burnout. They also believe "vitamins and minerals are crucial in addressing adrenal and HPA axis dysfunction", noting the importance of specific nutrients.[66]

Light therapy (similar to that used for Seasonal Affective Disorder) may be effective.[107]

Burnout also often causes a decline in the ability to update information in working memory. This is not easily treated with CBT.[108]

One reason it is difficult to treat the three standard symptoms of burnout (exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy), is because they respond to the same preventive or treatment activities in different ways.[102]

Exhaustion is more easily treated than cynicism and professional inefficacy, which tend to be more resistant to treatment. Research suggests that intervention actually may worsen the professional efficacy of a person who originally exhibited low professional efficacy.[109]

Employee rehabilitation is a tertiary preventive intervention which means the strategies used in rehabilitation are meant to alleviate burnout symptoms in individuals who are already affected without curing them.[102] Such rehabilitation of the working population includes multidisciplinary activities with the intent of maintaining and improving employees' working ability and ensuring a supply of skilled and capable labor in society.

See also

Stress and the workplace

Medical

Notes

  1. ^ Along with novelist Graham Greene, Bradley[6] in a paper published in a criminology journal used the term “burnout” before Freudenberger used it. Bradley used the term in the context of burnout in the staff at center for treating young adult offenders.

References

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Burn-out an "occupational phenomenon": International Classification of Diseases". WHO. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
  2. ^ Depression: What is burnout?. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 18 June 2020.
  3. ^ Freudenberger, H.J. (1974). "Staff burnout". Journal of Social Issues. 30: 159–165. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Kaschka, Wolfgang P (Nov 2011). "Burnout: A Fashionable Diagnosis". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 108 (46): 781–787. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0781. PMC 3230825. PMID 22163259.
  5. ^ Greene, Graham (1961). A Burnt-Out Case. William Heinemann Ltd. pp. cover title. ISBN 978-0140185393.
  6. ^ Bradley, H. (1969). community-based treatment for young adult offenders. ‘’Crime and Delinquency, 15,’’ 359-370.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c Maslach, C.; Jackson, S.E; Leiter, M.P. (1996). "MBI: The Maslach Burnout Inventory: Manual". Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Ruotsalainen, JH; Verbeek, JH; Mariné, A; Serra, C (7 April 2015). "Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD002892. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub5. PMC 6718215. PMID 25847433.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Maslach, C.; Jackson, S.E. (1981). "The measurement of experienced burnout". Journal of Occupational Behavior. 2 (2): 99–113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205. S2CID 53003646.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b Schonfeld, Irvin Sam; Verkuilen, Jay; Bianchi, Renzo (December 2019). "Inquiry into the correlation between burnout and depression". Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 24 (6): 603–616. doi:10.1037/ocp0000151. ISSN 1939-1307. PMID 30945922.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Maslach, C.; Schaufeli, W. B.; Leiter, M. P. (2001). S. T. Fiske; D. L. Schacter; C. Zahn-Waxler (eds.). "Job burnout". Annual Review of Psychology. 52: 397–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397. PMID 11148311. S2CID 42874270.
  12. ^ "Burn-out an "occupational phenomenon": International Classification of Diseases". www.who.int.
  13. ^ Koutsimani, P., Montgomery, A., & Georganta, K. (2019). The relationship between burnout, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00284
  14. ^ Bianchi, R., Verkuilen, J., Schonfeld, I. S., Hakanen, J. J., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Manzano-García, G., Laurent, E., & Meier, L. L. (March 2021). "Is burnout a depressive condition? A 14-sample meta-analytic and bifactor analytic study". Clinical Psychological Science. 24 (6): 603–616. doi:10.1177/2167702620979597. S2CID 233636338.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  15. ^ Bianchi, R., Schonfeld, I. S., & Verkuilen, J. (2020). A five-sample confirmatory factor analytic study of burnout-depression overlap. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(4), 801-821. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22927
  16. ^ Vahia, Vihang N. (2013). "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 55 (3): 220–223. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.117131. ISSN 0019-5545. PMC 3777342. PMID 24082241.
  17. ^ Boudoukha, A.H.; Hautekeete, M.; Abdelaoui, S.; Groux, W.; Garay, D. (September 2011). "Burnout et victimisations: effets des agressions des personnes détenues envers les personnels de surveillance". L'Encéphale. 37 (4): 284–292. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2010.08.006. PMID 21981889. Burnout doesn't appear per se in any international classification of mental disorders: clinicians often use the diagnosis of adjustment disorder
  18. ^ Höschl, C. (January 2013). "2394 – Burnout is a myth". European Psychiatry. 28 (Supplement 1): 1. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(13)77215-8. S2CID 144410795.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b Liu, P.M., & Van Liew, D.A. (2003). Depression and burnout. In J.P. Kahn and A.M. Langlieb (Eds.), Mental health and productivity in the workplace: A handbook for organizations and clinician (pp. 433-457). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b van der Klink, Jac JL; van Dijk, Frank JH (2003). "Dutch practice guidelines for managing adjustment disorders in occupational and primary health care". Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 29 (6): 478–487. doi:10.5271/sjweh.756. ISSN 0355-3140. JSTOR 40967326. PMID 14712856.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b Schaufeli, W.B. (June 2009). "Burnout: 35 years of research and practice". Career Development International. 14 (3): 204–220. doi:10.1108/13620430910966406. S2CID 47047482.
  22. ^ ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases, Z73. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.
  23. ^ "ICD-10 Version:2019".
  24. ^ "ICD-10 Version:2019".
  25. ^ "ICD-10 Version:2019".
  26. ^ "ICD-10 Version:2019".
  27. ^ "ICD-10 Version:2019".
  28. ^ "WHO releases new International Classification of Diseases (ICD 11)".
  29. ^ "QD85 Burn-out". icd.who.int. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  30. ^ "24. Factors influencing health status or contact with health services". icd.who.int. Retrieved 2019-05-28. Categories in this chapter are provided for occasions when circumstances other than a disease, injury or external cause classifiable elsewhere are recorded as "diagnoses" or "problems." This can arise... When some circumstance or problem is present which influences the person's health status but is not in itself a current illness or injury. Such circumstance or problem may be elicited during population surveys, when the person may or may not be currently sick, or be recorded as additional information to be borne in mind when the person is receiving care for some illness or injury.
  31. ^ "WHO | Burn-out an "occupational phenomenon": International Classification of Diseases".
  32. ^ http://id.who.int/icd/entity/757911124
  33. ^ "ICD-11 Coding Tool Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (MMS)". icd.who.int.
  34. ^ "ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics".
  35. ^ Kristensen, T.S.; Borritz, M.; Villadsen, E.; Christensen, K.B. (2005). "The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout". Work & Stress. 19 (3): 192–207. doi:10.1080/02678370500297720. S2CID 146576094.
  36. ^ Jump up to: a b c Schonfeld, I.S., Verkuilen, J. & Bianchi, R. (2019). An exploratory structural equation modelling bi-factor analytic approach to uncovering what burnout, depression, and anxiety scales measure. Psychological Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000721
  37. ^ Shirom, A.; Melamed, S. (2006). "A comparison of the construct validity of two burnout measures in two groups of professionals". International Journal of Stress Management. 13 (2): 176–200. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.2.176.,
  38. ^ Toker, S.; Melamed, S.; Berliner, S.; Zeltser, D.; Shapira, I. (2012). "Burnout and risk of coronary heart disease: A prospective study of 8838 employees". Psychosomatic Medicine. 74 (8): 840–847. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31826c3174. PMID 23006431. S2CID 25632534.
  39. ^ Demerouti, E.; Bakker, A.B.; Vardakou, I.; Kantas, A. (2003). "The convergent validity of two burnout instruments: A multitrait-multimethod analysis". European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 19: 12–23. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.19.1.12 (inactive 31 May 2021).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2021 (link)
  40. ^ Jump up to: a b Kristensen, T.S.; Borritz, M.; Villadsen, E.; Christensen, K.B. (2005). "The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout". Work & Stress. 19 (3): 192–207. doi:10.1080/02678370500297720. S2CID 146576094.
  41. ^ Jump up to: a b Wurm, W.; Vogel, K.; Holl, A.; Ebner, C.; Bayer, D.; Mörkl, S.; Hofmann, P. (2016). "Depression-Burnout Overlap in Physicians". PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0149913. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1149913W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149913. PMC 4773131. PMID 26930395.
  42. ^ Malach-Pines, A (2005). "The Burnout Measure, Short Version". International Journal of Stress Management. 12 (1): 78–88. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.78.
  43. ^ Pines, A. M. (1987). "Marriage burnout". Psychotherapy in Private Practice. 5: 31–44.
  44. ^ Pines, Ayala Malach. 1996. Couple burnout. New York/London: Routledge.
  45. ^ Malach Pines, A.; Neal, M.B.; Hammer, L.B.; Icekson, T. (2011). "Job burnout and couple burnout in dual-earner couples in the sandwiched generation". Social Psychology Quarterly. 74 (4): 361–386. doi:10.1177/0190272511422452. S2CID 55657249.
  46. ^ https://www.wilmarschaufeli.nl/publications/Schaufeli/Test%20Manuals/Test_manual_UWES_English.pdf
  47. ^ Dyrbye, Liselotte N.; Szydlo, Daniel W.; Downing, Steven M.; Sloan, Jeff A.; Shanafelt, Tait D. (2010-01-27). "Development and preliminary psychometric properties of a well-being index for medical students". BMC Medical Education. 10 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-10-8. ISSN 1472-6920. PMC 2823603. PMID 20105312.
  48. ^ Bianchi, R.; Schonfeld, I.S.; Laurent, E. (2015). "Burnout-depression overlap: A review". Clinical Psychology Review. 36: 28–41. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.004. PMID 25638755.
  49. ^ Bianchi, R.; Schonfeld, I. S.; Vandel, P.; Laurent, E. (2017). "On the depressive nature of the "burnout syndrome": A clarification". European Psychiatry. 41: 109–110. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.10.008. PMID 28135592. S2CID 9411035.
  50. ^ Jump up to: a b c Rotenstein, Lisa S.; Torre, Matthew; Ramos, Marco A.; Rosales, Rachael C.; Guille, Constance; Sen, Srijan; Mata, Douglas A. (2018). "Prevalence of Burnout Among Physicians: A Systematic Review". JAMA. 320 (11): 1131–1150. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.12777. ISSN 1538-3598. PMC 6233645. PMID 30326495.
  51. ^ Heinemann, L.V.; Heinemann, T. (2017). "Burnout Research: Emergence and Scientific Investigation of a Contested Diagnosis". Sage Open. 7: 215824401769715. doi:10.1177/2158244017697154.
  52. ^ Bianchi, R., & Schonfeld, I. S. (2020). The Occupational Depression Inventory: A new tool for clinicians and epidemiologists. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 138, 110249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110249
  53. ^ Farber, Barry A. (1991). Crisis in education: stress and burnout in the American teacher. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 9781555422714.
  54. ^ Bianchi, E., Schonfeld, I.S., & Laurent, E. (2018). Burnout syndrome and depression. Y.-K. Kim (Ed.), Understanding depression: Volume 2. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment (pp.187-202). Singapore: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6577-4_14
  55. ^ Jump up to: a b c Ahola, K.; Hakanen, J.; Perhoniemi, R.; Mutanen, P. (2014). "Relationship between burnout and depressive symptoms: A study using the person-centred approach". Burnout Research. 1 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1016/j.burn.2014.03.003.
  56. ^ Jump up to: a b Bianchi, R.; Laurent, E. (2015). "Emotional information processing in depression and burnout: An eye-tracking study". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 265 (1): 27–34. doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0549-x. PMID 25297694. S2CID 2891006.
  57. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Bianchi, R.; Schonfeld, I. S.; Laurent, E. (2014). "Is burnout a depressive disorder? A re-examination with special focus on atypical depression". International Journal of Stress Management. 21 (4): 307–324. doi:10.1037/a0037906.
  58. ^ Jump up to: a b Bianchi, R.; Schonfeld, I. S.; Laurent, E. (2014). "Is burnout separable from depression in cluster analysis? A longitudinal study". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 50 (6): 1005–1111. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0996-8. PMID 25527209. S2CID 10307296.
  59. ^ Jump up to: a b Hintsa, T.; Elovainio, M.; Jokela, M.; Ahola, K.; Virtanen, M.; Pirkola, S. (2016). "Is there an independent association between burnout and increased allostatic load? Testing the contribution of psychological distress and depression". Journal of Health Psychology. 16 (8): 576–586. doi:10.1177/1359105314559619. hdl:10138/224473. PMID 25476575. S2CID 206711913.
  60. ^ Jump up to: a b Schonfeld, I.S.; Bianchi, R. (2016). "Burnout and depression: Two entities or one". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 72 (1): 22–37. doi:10.1002/jclp.22229. PMID 26451877.
  61. ^ Bianchi, R.; Boffy, C.; Hingray, C.; Truchot, D.; Laurent, E. (2013). "Comparative symptomatology of burnout and depression". Journal of Health Psychology. 18 (6): 782–787. doi:10.1177/1359105313481079. PMID 23520355. S2CID 37998080.
  62. ^ Wurm, W.; Vogel, K.; Holl, A.; Ebner, C.; Bayer, D.; Mörkl, S.; Hofmann, P. (2016). "Depression-burnout overlap in physicians". PLOS ONE. 11 (e0149913): e0149913. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1149913W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149913. PMC 4773131. PMID 26930395.
  63. ^ Schwenk, Thomas L.; Gold, Katherine J. (2018). "Physician Burnout-A Serious Symptom, But of What?". JAMA. 320 (11): 1109–1110. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.11703. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 30422283.
  64. ^ Verkuilen, Jay; Bianchi, Renzo; Schonfeld, Irvin Sam; Laurent, Eric (2020-03-10). "Burnout–Depression Overlap: Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Bifactor Analysis and Network Analysis". Assessment. 28 (6): 1583–1600. doi:10.1177/1073191120911095. ISSN 1073-1911. PMID 32153199. S2CID 212651644.
  65. ^ Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21, 137–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/met0000045
  66. ^ Jump up to: a b c Kakiashvili, Tamar (March 2013). "The medical perspective on burnout". International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 23 (3): 401–412. doi:10.2478/s13382-013-0093-3. PMID 24018996.
  67. ^ O’Keane, Veronica; Frodl, Thomas; Dinan, Timothy G. (October 2012). "A review of Atypical depression in relation to the course of depression and changes in HPA axis organization". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 37 (10): 1589–1599. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.009. PMID 22497986. S2CID 2372263.
  68. ^ Nater, Urs M.; Maloney, Elizabeth; Boneva, Roumiana S.; Gurbaxani, Brian M.; Lin, Jin-Mann; Jones, James F.; Reeves, William C.; Heim, Christine (March 2008). "Attenuated Morning Salivary Cortisol Concentrations in a Population-Based Study of Persons with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Well Controls". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 93 (3): 703–709. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1747. PMID 18160468.
  69. ^ Papadopoulos, Andrew S.; Cleare, Anthony J. (January 2012). "Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome". Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 8 (1): 22–32. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.153. ISSN 1759-5037. PMID 21946893. S2CID 22176725.
  70. ^ Scott, Lucinda V.; Medbak, Sami; Dinan, Timothy G. (4 January 2002). "The low dose ACTH test in chronic fatigue syndrome and in health". Clinical Endocrinology. 48 (6): 733–737. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00418.x. PMID 9713562. S2CID 30486563.
  71. ^ Kuratsune, H; Yamaguti, K; Sawada, M; Kodate, S; Machii, T; Kanakura, Y; Kitani, T (1 January 1998). "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate deficiency in chronic fatigue syndrome". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 1 (1): 143–6. doi:10.3892/ijmm.1.1.143. PMID 9852212.
  72. ^ Mommersteeg, P; HHeijnen, C; Verbraak, M; Vandoornen, L (February 2006). "Clinical burnout is not reflected in the cortisol awakening response, the day-curve or the response to a low-dose dexamethasone suppression test". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31 (2): 216–225. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.07.003. PMID 16150550. S2CID 8444094.
  73. ^ Sjörs, Anna; Ljung, Thomas; Jonsdottir, Ingibjörg H (10 July 2012). "Long-term follow-up of cortisol awakening response in patients treated for stress-related exhaustion". BMJ Open. 2 (4): e001091. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001091. PMC 3400075. PMID 22786949.
  74. ^ de Vente, Wieke; van Amsterdam, Jan G. C.; Olff, Miranda; Kamphuis, Jan H.; Emmelkamp, Paul M. G. (October 2015). "Burnout Is Associated with Reduced Parasympathetic Activity and Reduced HPA Axis Responsiveness, Predominantly in Males". BioMed Research International. 2015: 431725. doi:10.1155/2015/431725. PMC 4628754. PMID 26557670.
  75. ^ Sonnentag, Sabine (2006). "Burnout and functioning of the hypothalamus-pituitary-axis—there are no simple answers". Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 32 (5): 333–337. doi:10.5271/sjweh.1028. ISSN 0355-3140. PMID 17091200.
  76. ^ Oosterholt, Bart G.; Maes, Joseph H.R.; Van der Linden, Dimitri; Verbraak, Marc J.P.M.; Kompier, Michiel A.J. (May 2015). "Burnout and cortisol: Evidence for a lower cortisol awakening response in both clinical and non-clinical burnout". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 78 (5): 445–451. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.11.003. PMID 25433974.
  77. ^ Onen Sertöz, Ozen; Binbay, I. Tolga; Elbi Mete, Hayriye (2008). "[The neurobiology of burnout: the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis and other findings]". Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi = Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 19 (3): 318–328. ISSN 1300-2163. PMID 18791885.
  78. ^ Verhaeghe, J.; Van Den Eede, F.; Van Den Ameele, H.; Sabbe, B. G. C. (2012). "[Neuro-endocrine correlates of burnout]". Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie. 54 (6): 517–526. ISSN 0303-7339. PMID 22753184.
  79. ^ American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  80. ^ Jameson, David (27 February 2015). "Persistent burnout theory of chronic fatigue syndrome". PeerJ PrePrints. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.860v1. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  81. ^ Van Houdenhove, Boudewijn; Van Den Eede, Filip; Luyten, Patrick (June 2009). "Does hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hypofunction in chronic fatigue syndrome reflect a 'crash' in the stress system?". Medical Hypotheses. 72 (6): 701–705. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.11.044. ISSN 1532-2777. PMID 19237251.
  82. ^ Jones, Clive Martin; Tenenbaum, Gershon (2009). "Adjustment Disorder: a new way of conceptualizing the overtraining syndrome". International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2 (2): 181–197. doi:10.1080/17509840903110962. S2CID 144679146.
  83. ^ Alarcon, G.; Eschleman, K. J.; Bowling, N. A. (2009). "Relationships between personality variables and burnout: A meta-analysis". Work & Stress. 23 (3): 244–263. doi:10.1080/02678370903282600. S2CID 144848431.
  84. ^ Swider, B. W.; Zimmerman, R. D. (2010). "Born to burnout: A meta-analytic path model of personality, job burnout, and work outcomes". Journal of Vocational Behavior. 76 (3): 487–506. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.01.003.
  85. ^ Bianchi, R.; Schonfeld, I.S. (2016). "Burnout is associated with a depressive cognitive style". Personality and Individual Differences. 100: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.008.
  86. ^ Mustafa, O.M. (2015). "Health behaviors and personality in burnout: A third dimension". Medical Education Online. 20: 28187. doi:10.3402/meo.v20.28187. PMC 4568184. PMID 26365101.
  87. ^ Jump up to: a b Maslach, C.; Leiter, M.P. (1997). The Truth About Burnout: How Organizations Cause Personal Stress and What to Do About It. New York: Jossey-Bass.
  88. ^ Vahtera, J.; Kivimäki, M.; Pentti, J.; Linna, A.; Virtanen, M.; Virtanen, P.; Ferrie, J. (2004). "Organisational downsizing, sickness absence, and mortality: 10-town prospective cohort study". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 328 (7439): 555. doi:10.1136/bmj.37972.496262.0d. PMC 381046. PMID 14980982.
  89. ^ Demerouti, Evangelia; Bakker, Arnold B.; Nachreiner, Friedhelm; Schaufeli, Wilmar B. (2001). "The job demands-resources model of burnout". Journal of Applied Psychology. 86 (3): 499–512. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499. PMID 11419809.
  90. ^ Toker, S.; Melamed, S.; Berliner, S.; Zeltser, D.; Shapira, I. (2012). "Burnout and risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective study of 8838 employees". Psychosomatic Medicine. 74 (8): 840–847. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31826c3174. PMID 23006431. S2CID 25632534.
  91. ^ Jump up to: a b Aamodt, Michael (2016). Industrial/organizational psychology : an applied approach (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 563. ISBN 978-1-305-11842-3.
  92. ^ Jump up to: a b Elliott, T.; Shewchuk, R.; Hagglund, K.; Rybarczyk, B.; Harkins, S. (1996). "Occupational burnout, tolerance for stress, and coping among nurses in rehabilitation units". Rehabilitation Psychology. 41 (4): 267–284. doi:10.1037/0090-5550.41.4.267.
  93. ^ Sandstrom, A; Rhodin IN; Lundberg M; Olsson T; Nyberg L. (2005). "Impaired cognitive performance in patients with chronic burnout syndrome". Biological Psychology. 69 (3): 271–279. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.08.003. PMID 15925030. S2CID 565283.
  94. ^ Houkes, Inge; Winants, Yvonne; Twellaar, Mascha; Verdonk, Petra (2011-04-18). "Development of burnout over time and the causal order of the three dimensions of burnout among male and female GPs. A three-wave panel study". BMC Public Health. 11: 240. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-240. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 3101180. PMID 21501467.
  95. ^ Caufield, Madeleine. "Burnout: The Men's Health Crisis We Aren't Talking About". e-Surgery. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
  96. ^ Sterkens, Phillipe; Baert, Stijn; Rooman, Claudia; Derous, Eva (July 2020). "As If It Weren't Hard Enough Already: Breaking down Hiring Discrimination Following Burnout". IZA Discussion Papers. IZA DP No. 13514. Retrieved 14 May 2021. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  97. ^ Konieczny, Piotr (2018-01-01), "Volunteer Retention, Burnout and Dropout in Online Voluntary Organizations: Stress, Conflict and Retirement of Wikipedians", Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, 42, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 199–219, doi:10.1108/s0163-786x20180000042008, ISBN 978-1-78756-895-2, retrieved 2021-04-29
  98. ^ van Dierendonck, D.; Schaufeli, W. B.; Buunk, B. P. (1998). "The evaluation of an individual burnout intervention program: the role of in- equity and social support". J. Appl. Psychol. 83 (3): 392–407. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.392. S2CID 53132933.
  99. ^ Hätinen, Marja; Kinnunen, Ulla; Pekkonen, Mika; Kalimo, Raija (2007). "Comparing two burnout interventions: Perceived job control mediates decreases in burnout". International Journal of Stress Management. 14 (3): 227–248. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.3.227. S2CID 54520149.
  100. ^ Scheepers, Renée A.; Emke, Helga; Epstein, Ronald M.; Lombarts, Kiki M. J. M. H. (2019-12-22). "The impact of mindfulness-based interventions on doctors' well-being and performance: A systematic review". Medical Education. 54 (2): 138–149. doi:10.1111/medu.14020. ISSN 1365-2923. PMC 7003865. PMID 31868262.
  101. ^ William D. McLaurine. A correlational study of job burnout and organizational commitment among correctional officers. Capella University. School of Psychology. p. 92. ISBN 9780549438144.
  102. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hätinen, M.; Kinnunen, U.; Pekkonen, M.; Kalimo, R. (2007). "Comparing two burnout interventions: Perceived job control mediates decreases in burnout". International Journal of Stress Management. 14 (3): 227–248. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.3.227. S2CID 54520149.
  103. ^ "Politically Active? 4 Tips for Incorporating Self-Care, US News". US News. 27 February 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  104. ^ Smith, M.; Segal, R.; Segal, J. (2014). "Stress Symptoms, Signs, & Causes: The Effects of Stress Overload and What You Can Do About It". Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  105. ^ Grensman, Astrid; Acharya, Bikash Dev; Wändell, Per; Nilsson, Gunnar H.; Falkenberg, Torkel; Sundin, Örjan; Werner, Sigbritt (2018-03-06). "Effect of traditional yoga, mindfulness–based cognitive therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy, on health related quality of life: a randomized controlled trial on patients on sick leave because of burnout". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 18 (1): 80. doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2141-9. ISSN 1472-6882. PMC 5839058. PMID 29510704.
  106. ^ Farber, Barry A. (May 2000). "Tailoring Treatment Strategies for Different Types of Burnout". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 56 (5): 675–689. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200005)56:5<675::AID-JCLP8>3.0.CO;2-D.
  107. ^ Meesters, Y. (February 2010). "Burnout and light treatment". Stress & Health. 26 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1002/smi.1250.
  108. ^ Oosterholt, Bart G (July 2012). "Burned out cognition — cognitive functioning of burnout patients before and after a period with psychological treatment". Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 38 (4): 358–369. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3256. JSTOR 41508903. PMID 22025205.
  109. ^ Van Dierendonck, D.; Schaufeli, W. B.; Buunk, B. P. (1998). "The evaluation of an individual burnout intervention program: The role of inequity and social support". Journal of Applied Psychology. 83 (3): 392–407. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.392. S2CID 53132933.

Further reading

  • Bianchi, R.; Schonfeld, I.S.; Laurent, E. (2014). "Is burnout a depressive disorder? A reexamination with special focus on atypical depression". International Journal of Stress Management. 21 (4): 307–324. doi:10.1037/a0037906.
  • Caputo, Janette S. (1991). Stress and Burnout in Library Service, Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.
  • Cordes, C.; Dougherty, T. (1996). "A review and integration of research on job burnout". Academy of Management Review. 18 (4): 621–656. doi:10.5465/AMR.1993.9402210153.
  • Freudenberger, Herbert J (1974). "Staff burnout". Journal of Social Issues. 30: 159–165. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x.
  • Freudenberger, Herbert J. (1980). Burn-Out: The High Cost of High Achievement. Anchor Press
  • Freudenberger, Herbert J. and North, Gail. (1985). Women's Burnout: How to Spot It, How to Reverse It, and How to Prevent It, Doubleday
  • Heinemann, L.V.; Heinemann, T. (2017). "Burnout Research: Emergence and Scientific Investigation of a Contested Diagnosis". Sage Open. 7: 215824401769715. doi:10.1177/2158244017697154.
  • Kristensen, T.S.; Borritz, M.; Villadsen, E.; Christensen, K.B. (2005). "The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout". Work & Stress. 19 (3): 192–207. doi:10.1080/02678370500297720. S2CID 146576094.
  • Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E, & Leiter, M. P. MBI: The Maslach Burnout Inventory: Manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1996.
  • Maslach, C.; Leiter, M. P. (2008). "Early predictors of job burnout and engagement". Journal of Applied Psychology. 93 (3): 498–512. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.607.4751. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.498. PMID 18457483.
  • Maslach, C. & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
  • Maslach, C.; Schaufeli, W. B.; Leiter, M. P. (2001). "Job burnout". Annual Review of Psychology. 52: 397–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397. PMID 11148311. S2CID 42874270.
  • Ray, Bernice (2002). An assessment of burnout in academic librarians in America using the Maslach Burnout Inventor. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • Shaufeli, W. B.; Leiter, M. P.; Maslach, C. (2009). "Burnout: Thirty-five years of research and practice". Career Development International. 14 (3): 204–220. doi:10.1108/13620430910966406. S2CID 47047482.
  • Shaw, Craig S (1992). "A Scientific Solution To Librarian Burnout". New Library World Year. 93 (5). doi:10.1108/eum0000000002428.
  • Shirom, A. & Melamed, S. (2005). Does burnout affect physical health? A review of the evidence. In A.S.G. Antoniou & C.L. Cooper (Eds.), Research companion to organizational health psychology (pp. 599–622). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • van Dierendonck, D.; Schaufeli, W. B.; Buunk, B. P. (1998). "The evaluation of an individual burnout intervention program: the role of in- equity and social support". J. Appl. Psychol. 83 (3): 392–407. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.392. S2CID 53132933.
  • Wang, Yang; Ramos, Aaron; Wu, Hui; Liu, Li; Yang, Xiaoshi; Wang, Jiana; Wang, Lie (2014). "Relationship between occupational stress and burnout among Chinese teachers: a cross-sectional survey in Liaoning, China". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 88 (5): 589–597. doi:10.1007/s00420-014-0987-9. PMID 25256806. S2CID 29960829.
  • Warr, Peter. (1999). Psychology at Work, 4th ed. London: Penguin.

External links

Classification
Retrieved from ""