Odia calendar

The Odia calendar (Odia: ପାଞ୍ଜି Pāñji) is a lunisolar calendar followed in the state of Odisha, India. The calendar follows the sidereal solar cycle while using the lunar Purnimanta phase for the religious dates.^[1] The New Year in the Odia calendar is known as Pana Sankranti. It occurs on the first day of the traditional solar month of Meṣa, hence equivalent lunar month Baisakha. The Odia calendar follows the Amli era, which began on Bhādra śukla dvādaśī from 592 CE.^[2]

New Year and Era[]

As per the siderial solar cycle followed by the Odia Panjika, the first day of the year or New Year falls on Mesa Sankranti (Sun-crossing into Siderial Aries) in Mid-April. The Odia New Year festival is known as Pana Sankranti (Odia: ପଣା ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି) or Maha Bishuba Sankranti (Odia: ମହା ବିଷୁବ ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି).^[3]

The Utkaliya era (Odia: ଉତ୍କଳୀୟ Utkaḷiya) for the Odia calendar began on 592 CE on Bhādra sukḷa dvādasi (the 12th day of the full moon fortnight of the Bhādra month). Bhādra sukla dvādasi is considered to be the birthday of the legendary king Indradyumna who set up the up the icon of Lord Jagannath (Neela Madhava) at Puri.^[4]^[5] The epoch seems to correspond to the reign of the legendary early Somavamshis (Kesaris) as per the chronicle Madala Panji, thus implying the era was instituted by King Yayati I of the Somavamshi dynasty.^[6]

Thus the Era calendar new year falls on the 12th day of the full moon fortnight or the waxing moon lunar phase of the Bhādra month in September. This day is termed as the Odia fiscal New Year and is known as the festival of Sunia (Odia: ସୁନିଆଁ suniā̃) which denotes the start of the beginning of the new fiscal calendar year for the collection of revenue, publishing of almanacs and the palm-leaf horoscopes carrying the reigning year of the Gajapati King. Post-1947, it has been reduced as a ceremonial day and is mostly used in the Panji calendars to denote the change of Odia calendar year for records and horoscopes.^[7]^[8]^[9]

New Year Date
New Year	Odia month	Gregorian	Cycle
Odia New Year (Pana Sankranti/Maha Bishuba Sankranti)	୧ ବୈଶାଖ (ମେଷ) 1 Baiśākha (Meṣa)	14 April 13 April (Gregorian leap year)	Solar
Odia fiscal New Year (Sunia)	ଭାଦ୍ର ଶୁକ୍ଳ ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ Bhādra Śukḷa Dwādaśī 12th day of Waxing Moon (Full moon) phase	varies, September	Lunar

Odia year	Vikrami year	Gregorian year
୧୪୨୯ ଉତ୍କଳାବ୍ଦ/ଉତ୍କଳୀୟ ସନ 1429 Utkaḷābda/Utkaḷiya San	२०७८ विक्रम संवत 2078 Vikram Samvat	2021 CE

Anka year[]

The Anka year (Odia: ଅଙ୍କ Aṅka) system is a unique regnal year system instituted by the Eastern Ganga kings for dating their reigns. It had a number of features that mark the regnal year different from that actual duration of the year elapsed during the reign. The system still survives today and is used in the Odia panjis to mark the titular regnal year of the King of Puri, Gajapati Maharaja Dibyasingha Deb of the Puri Estate, whose title carries the legacy of historical ruling monarchs of Odisha.^[10]^[11]

Features:

The Anka system always starts on the Odia fiscal new year called Sunia which falls on the 12th day of the bright fortnight of the month Bhadra (August-September) known as Bhādra Sukḷa Dwādasi. If the king accedes the throne for a few days before this date, then the first year of his reign would then just be a few days long.
Coins were minted on the date of the new year, and hence the first coins were given the Anka year 2, the number 1 was not used.
All years ending in 6 were skipped. As in the Anka year 5 was followed by Anka year 7, Anka year 15 was followed by Anka year 17 and so on.
All years ending in 0 were also skipped, except for the Anka year 10.

Hence no Anka years exist for 1, 6, 16, 20, 26, 30, 36, 40, 46, 50, 56, and so on.

Timeline of actual Regnal year and Anka year (shown till regnal year 30)
Regnal year	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
Anka year	2	3	4	5	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	17	18	19	21	22	23	24	25	27	28	29	31	32	33	34	35	37

Regnal & Anka year of Gajapati king of Puri
(titular reign since 7 July 1970)
Gregorian year	Regnal year	Odia year	Anka year
2021 CE	50	୧୪୨୯ ଉତ୍କଳାବ୍ଦ 1429 Utkaḷābda	୬୪ ଅଙ୍କ 64 Aṅka

Panji[]

Madala Panji (Odia: ମାଦଳ ପାଞ୍ଜି) is a chronicle of the Jagannath Temple, Puri in Odisha. It describes the historical events of Odisha related to Jagannath and the Jagannath Temple. The Madala Panji dates from the 12th century and was traditionally written on a year-to-year basis on Vijayadashami Day by the Karanas community. The tradition of keeping this chronicle began with Eastern Ganga king Anantavarman Chodaganga (1077–1150).

The modern Odia calendar begins with the scientific reforms initiated by the astronomer Pathani Samanta. His findings which included astronomical observations with the help of traditional instruments were recorded in his treatise Siddhanta Darpana written on palm-leaf manuscript in 1869 and eventually published in 1899. These observations were instrumental in the preparation of almanacs in Odisha especially by the astrologers of the Jagannath temple at Puri.^[12] The prominent Panjis of this tradition include:

Khadiratna Panjika
Samanta Panjika
Biraja Panjika

Other notable Odia Panji calendars include Kohinoor Panji, Biraja Panji(Nanda), Radharaman Panji(based on Puri tradition Panjis), Bhagyadeepa Panji, Bhagyajyoti Panji, Bhagyachakra Panji.^[13]

Months[]

Odia (Lunar) ମାସ māsa	Days	Vikrami (Lunar) मासाः māsāḥa	Odia (Solar) ରାଶି rāsi	Vikrami (Solar) राशी rāśi	Zodiac	Gregorian
ବୈଶାଖ Baiśākha	31	वैशाखः Vaiśākhaḥ	ମେଷ Mesa	मेष Meṣa	Aries	April–May
ଜ୍ୟେଷ୍ଠ Jyeṣṭha	31	ज्येष्ठः Jyeṣṭhaḥ	ବୃଷ Brusa	वृषभ Vṛṣabha	Taurus	May–June
ଆଷାଢ଼ Āṣāḍha	32	आषाढः Āṣāḍhaḥ	ମିଥୁନ Mithuna	मिथुन Mithuna	Gemini	June–July
ଶ୍ରାବଣ Śrābaṇa	31	श्रावणः Śrāvaṇaḥ	କର୍କଟ Karkaṭa	कर्क Karka	Cancer	July–August
ଭାଦ୍ରବ/ଭାଦ୍ର Bhādraba/Bhādra	31	भाद्रपदः Bhādrapadaḥ	ସିଂହ Singha	सिंह Siṃha	Leo	August–September
ଆଶ୍ୱିନ Āświna	31	आश्विनः Āśvinaḥ	କନ୍ୟା Kanyā	कन्या Kanyā	Virgo	September–October
କାର୍ତ୍ତିକ Kārttika	30	कार्तिकः Kārtikaḥ	ତୁଳା Tuḷā	तुला Tulā	Libra	October–November
ମାର୍ଗଶିର Mārgaśira	29	मार्गशीर्षः Mārgaśīrṣaḥ	ବିଛା Bichā	वृश्चिक Vṛścika	Scorpio	November–December
ପୌଷ Pauṣa	29	पौषः Pauṣaḥ	ଧନୁ Dhanu	धनुष Dhanusa	Sagittarius	December–January
ମାଘ Māgha	30	माघः Māghaḥ	ମକର Makara	मकर Makara	Capricorn	January–February
ଫାଲ୍‌ଗୁନ/ଫଗୁଣ Phālguna/Phaguṇa	30	फाल्गुनः Phālgunaḥ	କୁମ୍ଭ Kumbha	कुम्भ Kumbha	Aquarius	February–March
ଚୈତ୍ର Caitra	30	चैत्रः Caitraḥ	ମୀନ Mina	मीन Mīna	Pisces	March–April

Days[]

The Odia calendar incorporates the seven-day week.

Day (Odia)	Celestial object	Equivalent	Day (English)	Day (Sanskrit)
ରବିବାର Rabibāra	Surya	Sun	Sunday	रविवासर Ravivāsara
ସୋମବାର Somabāra	Chandra	Moon	Monday	सोमवासर Somavāsara
ମଙ୍ଗଳବାର Maṅgaḷbāra	Mangala	Mars	Tuesday	मङ्गलवासर Maṅgalavāsara
ବୁଧବାର Budhabāra	Budha	Mercury	Wednesday	बुधवासर Budhavāsara
ଗୁରୁବାର Gurubāra	Brihaspati	Jupiter	Thursday	बृहस्पतिवासर Brhaspativāsara
ଶୁକ୍ରବାର Śukrabāra	Shukra	Venus	Friday	शुक्रवासर Śukravāsara
ଶନିବାର Śanibāra	Shani	Saturn	Saturday	शनिवासर Śanivāsara

Seasons[]

Odia Rutu ଋତୁ	Season	Sanskrit Ritu ऋतुः r̥tuḥ	Odia months	Gregorian
ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ Grīṣma	Summer	ग्रीष्म: Grīṣmaḥ	Baiśākha–Jyeṣṭha	April–June
ବର୍ଷା Barṣā	Monsoon	वर्षाः Varṣāḥ	Āṣāṛha–Śrābaṇa	June–August
ଶରତ Śarata	Autumn	शरद् Śarad	Bhādraba–Āświna	August–October
ହେମନ୍ତ Hemanta	Pre-Winter	हेमन्तः Hemantaḥ	Kārttika–Mārgaśira	October–December
ଶୀତ Śīta	Winter	शिशिर: Śiśiraḥ	Pauṣa–Māgha	December–February
ବସନ୍ତ Basanta	Spring	वसन्तः Basantaḥ	Phālguna–Chaitra	February–April

Time[]

Time	Gregorian	Units	Equivalent
ଦିନ dina	Day	୧୨ ଘଣ୍ଟା 12 ghaṇṭā	12 hours
ରାତି rāti	Night	୧୨ ଘଣ୍ଟା 12 ghaṇṭā	12 hours
ଦିବସ dibasa	Solar day	୨୪ ଘଣ୍ଟା 24 ghaṇṭā	24 hours
୧ ସପ୍ତାହ 1 saptaha	1 week	୭ ଦିନ 7 dina	7 days
୧ ପକ୍ଷ 1 pakṣa	1 fortnight	୧୫ ଦିନ 15 dina	15 days
୧ ବର୍ଷ 1 barṣa	1 year	୩୬୫ ଦିନ 365 dina	365 days
୧ ବର୍ଷ 1 barṣa	1 year	୧୨ ମାସ 12 māsa	12 months

Lunar week
Paksha ପକ୍ଷ (pakhya)	Period	Lunar phase	Days
ଶୁକ୍ଳପକ୍ଷ śukḷapakṣa	From ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା (Amābāsyā) to ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା (Pūrṇṇima) New moon to Full moon	Waxing moon	15 days
କୃଷ୍ଣପକ୍ଷ krushṇapakṣa	From ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା (Pūrṇṇima) to ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା (Amābāsyā) Full moon to New moon	Waning moon	15 days

Lunar Day ତିଥି (tithi)	Bright fortnight ଶୁକ୍ଳପକ୍ଷ (śukḷapakṣa)	Lunar phase	Dark fortnight କୃଷ୍ଣପକ୍ଷ (krushṇapakṣa)	Lunar phase
1	ପ୍ରତିପଦ pratipada	Waxing Crescent	ପ୍ରତିପଦ pratipada	Waning Gibbous
2	ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟା dwitīyā		ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟା dwitīyā
3	ତୃତୀୟା trutīyā		ତୃତୀୟା trutīyā
4	ଚତୁର୍ଥୀ caturthī		ଚତୁର୍ଥୀ caturthī
5	ପଞ୍ଚମୀ pañcamī		ପଞ୍ଚମୀ pañcamī
6	ଷଷ୍ଠୀ ṣaṣṭhī		ଷଷ୍ଠୀ ṣaṣṭhī
7	ସପ୍ତମୀ saptamī	First Quarter	ସପ୍ତମୀ saptamī	Last Quarter
8	ଅଷ୍ଟମୀ aṣṭamī	First Quarter	ଅଷ୍ଟମୀ aṣṭamī	Last Quarter
9	ନବମୀ nabamī	Waning Crescent	ନବମୀ nabamī	Waxing Gibbous
10	ଦଶମୀ daśamī		ଦଶମୀ daśamī
11	ଏକାଦଶୀ ekādaśī		ଏକାଦଶୀ ekādaśī
12	ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ dwādaśī		ଦ୍ୱାଦଶୀ dwādaśī
13	ତ୍ରୟୋଦଶୀ trayodaśī		ତ୍ରୟୋଦଶୀ trayodaśī
14	ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶୀ caturddaśī		ଚତୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶୀ caturddaśī
15	ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମା pūrṇṇima	Full Moon	ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା amābāsyā	New Moon

Festivals[]

Pan-Indian and Odia regional festivals observed as per Odia calendar:

Months	Festivals
Baisākha	Pana Sankranti (Maha Bishuba Sankranti)
Jyesṭha	Buddha Purnima, Akshaya Tritiya, Savitri Brata, Sitalsasthi
Āsāḍha	Raja Parba, Ratha Jatra
Srābaṇa	Raksha Bandhan (Gamha Purnima)
Bhādraba	Krishna Janmashtami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Nuakhai, Sunia
Āswina	Vishwakarma Puja, Mahalaya, Durga Puja, Dusehra, Kumara Purnima
Kārttika	Kali Puja, Dipabali, Jagaddhatri Puja, Boita Bandana, Bali Jatra
Mārgasira	Prathamastami, Manabasa Gurubara
Pausa	Dhanu jatra, Samba Dashami, Pousha Purnima
Māgha	Makar Sankranti, Vasant Panchami
Phālguna	Maha Shivaratri
Chaitra	Holi(Dol Purnima), Odisha Day (Utkala Dibasa)

References[]

^ S. Balachandra Rao (2000), Indian Astronomy: An Introduction, Universities Press, p. 44, ISBN 9788173712050
^ VK Mishra (2010), The Calendars of India, p. 55, 81, arXiv:1007.0062
^ Crump, William D. (2014), Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide, MacFarland, page 114
^ Sankar Balakrishna Dikshit (1896). Bharatiya Jyotish Sastra Part 2. India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
^ Girish Chandra Tarkalankar (1894). Chronological tables from 1764 to 1900. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
^ Kailash Chandra Dash 2010, p. 165.
^ "Sunia". puriwaves. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ Subhash Sahu (2009), Sunia (The Odia Calendar) (PDF), retrieved 5 December 2020
^ Roland Hardenberg (July 2000), The Anka Ceremony of the King of Puri (India), Journal of Social Sciences, retrieved 5 December 2020
^ Pankaj Tandon (2012), Tentative Attributions of some Gold Fanams of the Eastern Gangas, BU, retrieved 25 January 2021
^ Pankaj Tandon (2018), Coins of the Eastern Gangas ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga, BU, retrieved 25 January 2021
^ Naik, P. C.; Satpathy, L. (1998). "Samanta Chandra Sekhar : The great naked eye astronomer". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 26: 33–49. Bibcode:1998BASI...26...33N.
^ "Odia calendar". Retrieved 17 November 2020.

Bibliography[]

Kailash Chandra Dash (2010). "A traditional account on Yayati Keshari: Its formation and historical authenticity". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 71 (2010–2011): 165–178. JSTOR 44147485.

External links[]

[1] S. Balachandra Rao (2000), Indian Astronomy: An Introduction, Universities Press, p. 44, ISBN 9788173712050

[2] VK Mishra (2010), The Calendars of India, p. 55, 81, arXiv:1007.0062

[3] Crump, William D. (2014), Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide, MacFarland, page 114

[4] Sankar Balakrishna Dikshit (1896). Bharatiya Jyotish Sastra Part 2. India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 2020-04-12.

[5] Girish Chandra Tarkalankar (1894). Chronological tables from 1764 to 1900. Retrieved 2020-04-12.

[FOOTNOTEKailash_Chandra_Dash2010165-6] Kailash Chandra Dash 2010, p. 165.

[7] "Sunia". puriwaves. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

[8] Subhash Sahu (2009), Sunia (The Odia Calendar) (PDF), retrieved 5 December 2020

[9] Roland Hardenberg (July 2000), The Anka Ceremony of the King of Puri (India), Journal of Social Sciences, retrieved 5 December 2020

[10] Pankaj Tandon (2012), Tentative Attributions of some Gold Fanams of the Eastern Gangas, BU, retrieved 25 January 2021

[11] Pankaj Tandon (2018), Coins of the Eastern Gangas ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga, BU, retrieved 25 January 2021

[12] Naik, P. C.; Satpathy, L. (1998). "Samanta Chandra Sekhar : The great naked eye astronomer". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 26: 33–49. Bibcode:1998BASI...26...33N.

[13] "Odia calendar". Retrieved 17 November 2020.

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