Omphalotus illudens

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Omphalotus illudens
Omphalotus illudens 78007.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Marasmiaceae
Genus: Omphalotus
Species:
O. illudens
Binomial name
Omphalotus illudens
(Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl
Omphalotus illudens
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
gills on hymenium
cap is infundibuliform
hymenium is decurrent
stipe is bare
spore print is yellow
ecology is saprotrophic
edibility: poisonous

Omphalotus illudens, commonly known as the eastern jack-o'lantern mushroom, is a large, orange mushroom that is often found in clumps on decaying stumps, buried roots or at the base of hardwood trees in eastern North America. Nearly all field guides claim its gills often exhibit a weak green bioluminescence when fresh; however, some dispute this entirely as a myth.[1] On the other hand, the green glow, also known as bioluminescence, has been mentioned in several journal articles, which state that the glow can last up to 40-50 hours after the mushroom has been picked,[2][verification needed] and that it serves to attract insects during the night which then distribute the spores throughout the area.[3]

Omphalotus illudens is sometimes confused with edible chanterelles, but is poisonous to humans when eaten, whether raw or cooked, and typically causes vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea. Although some older literature claims the name is synonymous with Omphalotus olearius, phylogenetic analysis confirms they are distinct species.[4]

Toxicity[]

The poisonous chemical compounds illudin S and illudin M were isolated from Omphalotus illudens.[5][6] In addition to their antibacterial and antifungal effects, illudins appear to be the cause of human toxicity when these mushrooms are eaten raw or cooked. Muscarine has also been indirectly implicated in toxicity,[7] but modern studies to demonstrate its presence in O. illudens are needed.

The cytotoxic effect of illudin is of interest for treating some cancers, but illudin itself is too poisonous to use directly so it must first be chemically modified. Inside human cells, illudin S reacts with DNA and creates a type of DNA damage that blocks transcription. This block can only be relieved by a repair system called nucleotide excision repair. Damage in non-transcribed DNA areas is left unrepaired by the cell. This property was exploited by the company to develop an illudin-derivative called Irofulven for use as a cancer treatment. Its application is still in the experimental phase.[citation needed][8]

Gallery[]

  • 2007-08-05 Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl 1018098506.jpg
  • 2011-12-20 Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl 190464.jpg
  • 2012-09-25 Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl 270109.jpg
  • 2012-08-12 Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl 248346.jpg
  • Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl 268693.jpg

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Kuo, Michael (May 2015). "Omphalotus illudens". mushroomexpert.com. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
  2. ^ Vanden Hoek, Todd, L.; Erickson, Timothy; Hryborczuk, Daniel; Narasimhan, Kris (May 1991). "Jack O'Lantern Mushroom Poisoning". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 20 (5): 559–561. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(05)81617-8. PMID 2024797.
  3. ^ Oliveira, Anderson, G.; Stevani, Cassius, V.; Waldenmeier, Hans, E.; Viviani, Vadim; Emerson, Jillian, M.; Loros, Jennifer, J.; Dunlap, Jay, C. (March 2015). "Circadian Control Sheds Light on Fungal Bioluminescence". Current Biology. 25 (7): 964–8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.021. PMC 4382382. PMID 25802150.
  4. ^ Kirchmair M, Morandell S, Stolz D, Pöder R, Sturmbauer C (2004). "Phylogeny of the genus Omphalotus based on nuclear ribosomal DNA-sequences" (PDF). Mycologia. 96 (6): 1253–60. doi:10.2307/3762142. JSTOR 3762142. PMID 21148949. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  5. ^ Anchel, M.; Herbey, A.; Robbins, W.J. (1950). "Antibiotic Substances from Basidiomycetes: VII. Clitocybe illudens". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 36 (5): 300–305. Bibcode:1950PNAS...36..300A. doi:10.1073/pnas.36.5.300. PMC 1063187. PMID 15417544.
  6. ^ McMorris, T. C.; Kelner, M. J.; Wang, W.; Estes, L. A.; Montoya, M. A.; Taetle, R. (1992). "Structure-Activity Relationship of Illudins : Analogs with Improved Therapeutic Index". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 57 (25): 6876–6883. doi:10.1021/jo00051a037.
  7. ^ Clark, Ernest D.; Smith, Clayton S. (1913). "Toxicological Studies on the Mushrooms Clitocybe illudens and Inocybe infida". Mycologia. 5 (4): 224–232. doi:10.2307/3753387. JSTOR 3753387.
  8. ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information. "PubChem Compound Summary for CID 148189, Irofulven" PubChem, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Irofulven. Accessed 16 October, 2020.
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