Order (virtue)
Order is the planning of time and organizing of resources, as well as of society.[1]
Although order is rarely discussed as a virtue in contemporary society, order is in fact central to improving efficiency, and is at the heart of time management strategies such as David Allen's Getting Things Done.
Emergence[]
The valorisation of order in the early stages of commercialization and industrialisation was linked by R. H. Tawney to Puritan concerns for system and method in 17th-century England.[2] The same period saw English prose developing the qualities Matthew Arnold described as "regularity, uniformity, precision, balance".[3]
"Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time" is a saying attributed to Benjamin Franklin in 1730, while he was 20 years old. It was part of his 13 virtues.[4][5]
A darker view of the early modern internalisation of order and discipline was taken by Michel Foucault in The Order of Things and Discipline and Punish;[6] but for Rousseau love of order both in nature and in the harmonious psyche of the natural man was one of the tap-roots of moral conscience.[7]
Romantic reaction[]
The Romantic reaction against reason, industry and the sober virtues, led to a downgrading of order as well.[8] In art, spontaneity took precedence over method and craft;[9] in life, the Bohemian call of wildness and disorder eclipsed the appeal of ordered sobriety – as with the cultivated disorganization of the 1960s hippie.[10]
"Latter-day attempts such as those of Deidre McCloskey to reclaim the bourgeois virtues like order may be met in some quarters only by laughter."[11]
Sociology[]
Sociologists, while noting that praise of order is generally associated with a conservative stance – one that can be traced back through Edmund Burke and Richard Hooker to Aristotle[12] - point out that many taken-for-granted aspects of social order (such as which side of the road to drive on) produce substantial and equitable advantages for individuals at very little personal cost.[13] Conversely, breakdowns in public order reveal everyone's daily dependence upon the smooth functioning of the wider society.[14]
Durkheim saw anomie as the existential reaction to the ordered disorder of modern society.[15]
Psychology[]
Jungians considered orderliness (along with restraint and responsibility) as one of the virtues attributable to the senex or old man - as opposed to the spontaneous openness of the puer or eternal youth.[16]
Freud saw the positive traits of orderliness and conscientiousness as rooted in anal eroticism.[17]
20th-century examples[]
Freud himself was a highly organised personality, ordering his life – at work and play – with the regularity of a timetable.[18]
William Osler was another highly successful physician who built his life on a highly organised basis.[19]
Culture[]
Wallace Stevens wrote of the "blessed rage for order" in Ideas of Order (1936).[20]
See also[]
References[]
- ^ Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (1972) p. 15
- ^ R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1937) p. 193-5
- ^ Quoted in Deirdre N. McCloskey, The Bourgeois Virtues (2006) p. 164
- ^ Franklin, Benjamin. "The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: Chapter Eight". earlyamerica.com.
- ^ Kurtus, Ron (7 February 2005). "Benjamin Franklin's Thirteen Virtues". school-for-champions.com.
- ^ G. Gutting ed., The Cambridge Companion to Foucault (2002) p. 97-9
- ^ Lawrence D. Cooper, Rousseau, Nature, and the Problem of the Good Life (2006) p. 92-6
- ^ McCloskey, p. 31-2 and p. 69
- ^ M. H. Abrams, The mirror and the lamp (1971) p. 24
- ^ E. Hoffman ed., Future Visions (1996) p. 144
- ^ McCloskey, p. 5
- ^ Shelley Burke, Virtue Transformed (2006) p. 54
- ^ Goffman, p. 16
- ^ Goffman p. 16-17
- ^ John O'Neill, Sociology as a Skin Trade (1972) p. 181
- ^ M. Jacoby, The Analytic Encounter (1984) p. 118
- ^ Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality (PFL 7) p. 209
- ^ Peter Gay, Freud (1989) p. 157
- ^ Eric Berne, What Do You Say After You Say Hello? (1974) p. 268
- ^ Wallace Stevens, Collected Poems (1984) p. 130
Further reading[]
William Osler, Aequanimitas (New York 1963)
External links[]
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- Benjamin Franklin
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