Ottoman declaration of Jihad

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Original document in Ottoman Turkish.

The Ottoman declaration of Jihad was issued in November 1914, during World War I.[1] It was initially drafted on the 11th and first publicly read out in front of a large crowd on the 14th of November.[1]

Result[]

In a 2017 article, it was concluded that the declaration, as well as earlier Jihad propaganda, had a strong impact on attaining the loyalty of Kurdish tribes, who played a major role in the Armenian and Assyrian genocides.[2]

Arab tribes in Mesopotamia were initially enthusiastic about the Jihad. However, following British victories in the Mesopotamian campaign in 1914 and 1915, enthusiasm declined, and some chieftains like Mudbir al-Far'un adopted a more neutral, if not pro-British, stance.[3]

There were hopes and fears that non-Turkish Muslims would side with Ottoman Turkey, but according to some historians, the appeal did not "[unite] the Muslim world",[4][5] and Muslims did not turn on their non-Muslim commanders in the Allied forces.[6] However, other historians point to the 1915 Singapore Mutiny and allege that the call did have a considerable impact on Muslims around the world.[7]

The war led to the end of the caliphate as the Ottoman Empire entered on the side of the war's losers and surrendered by agreeing to "viciously punitive" conditions. These were overturned by the popular war hero Mustafa Kemal, who was also a secularist and later abolished the caliphate.[8]

References[]

  1. ^ a b Aksakal, Mustafa (2011). "'Holy War Made in Germany'? Ottoman Origins of the 1914 Jihad". War in History. 18 (2): 184–199. doi:10.1177/0968344510393596. ISSN 0968-3445. JSTOR 26098597. S2CID 159652479.
  2. ^ Dangoor, Jonathan (2017). "" No need to exaggerate " – the 1914 Ottoman Jihad declaration in genocide historiography, M.A Thesis in Holocaust and Genocide Studies". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Sakai, Keiko (1994). "Political parties and social networks in Iraq, 1908-1920" (PDF). etheses.dur.ac.uk. p. 57.
  4. ^ Lewis, Bernard (19 November 2001). "The Revolt of Islam". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  5. ^ Gold, Dore (2003). Hatred's Kingdom: How Saudi Arabia Supports the New Global Terrorism (First ed.). Regnery Publishing. p. 24.
  6. ^ Ardic, Nurullah (2012). Islam and the Politics of Secularism: The Caliphate and Middle Eastern ... Routledge. pp. 192–93. ISBN 9781136489846. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  7. ^ A. Noor, Farish (2011). "Racial Profiling' Revisited: The 1915 Indian Sepoy Mutiny in Singapore and the Impact of Profiling on Religious and Ethnic Minorities". Politics, Religion & Ideology. 1 (12): 89–100. doi:10.1080/21567689.2011.564404. S2CID 144958370.
  8. ^ Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia. macmillan. p. 157. ISBN 978-0099523277.
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