Outraging public decency
Outraging public decency is a common law offence in England and Wales[1] Hong Kong[citation needed] and the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria.[2]:42 It is punishable by unlimited imprisonment and/or an unlimited fine.[1]
History[]
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The first recorded example of the offence was Sedley's Case (1675) Strange 168, 1 Sid 168 - Sir Charles Sedley was prosecuted for urinating on a crowd from the balcony of Oxford Kate's tavern in Covent Garden.[3]
Definition[]
Modern case law has established two elements that must be satisfied for the offence to have been committed:[2][4]
- the act was of such a lewd character as to outrage public decency; this element constitutes the nature of the act, which has to be proved before the offence can be established, and
- the act took place in a public place and must have been capable of being seen by two or more persons who were actually present, even if they did not actually see it.
Judge Peter Rook QC and Robert Ward suggest that obiter dicta in cases such as R v Thallman (1863) 9 Cox CC 388 indicate that the requirement of a "public place" may be falling out of favour, due to its vagueness and redundancy to the requirement for two potential witnesses.[5]
In R v Hamilton [2007] EWCA Crim 2062 an act of upskirting in public went undetected until a police search discovered indecent images. It was held that it was immaterial whether a person had actually seen the act, provided it was capable of being seen by at least two persons. Previous cases had all been seen, but this was held to be a matter of evidence, not an element of the offence.[6]
Usage[]
The offence is currently prosecuted around 400–500 times per year in England and Wales.[2][7]
Notable criminal prosecutions[]
The foetus earrings case[]
In December 1987, artist Rick Gibson exhibited a pair of earrings made with freeze-dried human foetuses at the Young Unknowns Gallery in London. On 3 December 1987 the earrings were seized by the police.[8]
On 11 April 1988, Gibson and the gallery owner Peter Sylveire were formally charged with the common law offences of exhibiting a public nuisance and outraging public decency. This was the first occasion on which the charge of outraging public decency had been preferred in more than 80 years.[9]
The trial started on 30 January 1989. On 6 February 1989 the public nuisance charge was dismissed.[10]
The defence raised a point of law, that "outraging public decency" was no longer known in law so long after the last occasion on which the charge had been preferred. The judge ruled that it could still be preferred no matter how long the hiatus, provided the facts fitted the offence. On 9 February 1989 the jury found Gibson and Sylveire guilty of outraging public decency. Gibson was fined £500 and Sylveire was fined £300.[11][12][13][14][15]
The defence appealed on the point of the validity of the charge of outraging public decency, which was dismissed by the Court of Appeal, which upheld the trial judge's ruling and went some way to restating the law in this area.[16]
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b Halsbury's Laws of England 5th edition, volume 26, paragraph 717
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Simplification of Criminal Law: Public Nuisance and Outraging Public Decency (Consultation Paper No. 193)" (PDF). Law Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ R v Hamilton [2007] EWCA Crim 2062 at para. 18
- ^ [2007] EWCA Crim 2062, [2008] QB 224 para 21 (CA)
- ^ Rook, Peter; Ward, Robert (2004). Sexual Offences: Law and Practice (3rd ed.). Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 978-0421852006. Cited in R v Hamilton, which nonetheless included a public place as part of the second element.
- ^ R v Hamilton [2007] EWCA Crim 2062 (16 August 2007), Court of Appeal (England and Wales). Upskirting, including in private or where no potential witnesses are present, became a specific offence in England and Wales in 2019 with the passage of the Voyeurism (Offences) Act 2019.
- ^ Common Law Offences Charged and Reaching a First Hearing in Magistrates' Courts, Crown Prosecution Service
- ^ Fletcher, David (5 December 1987), "8-Week Foetuses Used to Make Pendant Earrings", The Daily Telegraph, London, p. 3
- ^ "Artist Charged Over Foetuses", The Daily Telegraph, London, p. 2, 11 March 1988
- ^ Wolmar, Christian (7 February 1989), "Nusiance Charge in Foetus Case Dismissed", The Independent, London, p. 3
- ^ Mills, Heather (10 February 1989), "Artist and Curator Fined for Display of Foetus Earrings", The Independent, London, p. 3
- ^ Lister, David (10 February 1989), "Gallery Has History of Artistic Controversy", The Independent, London, p. 3
- ^ Bowcott, Owen (10 February 1989), "Foetus Artist Fined £500 for Sculpture", The Guardian, London, p. 3
- ^ Weeks, John (10 February 1989), "Art Pair Fined Over Foetus Earrings", The Daily Telegraph, London, p. 3
- ^ "Foetus Earrings Outraged Decency", The Times, London, p. 3, 10 February 1989
- ^ R v Gibson and Another. Court of Appeal, Criminal Division.[1991] 1 All ER 439, [1990] 2 QB 619, [1990] 3 WLR 595, [1990] Crim LR 738, 91 Cr App Rep 341, 155 JP 126.
- Crimes
- English criminal law
- Common law offences in England and Wales