Palmitoylcarnitine

Palmitoylcarnitine
Names
	IUPAC name 3-(palmitoyloxy)-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate
Identifiers
CAS Number	1935-18-8 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL301722 ;
ChemSpider	448 ;
MeSH	Palmitoylcarnitine
PubChem CID	461;
UNII	U8K6DKA8V2 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID90895028 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C23H45NO4/c1-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-23(27)28-21(19-22(25)26)20-24(2,3)4/h21H,5-20H2,1-4H3 Key: XOMRRQXKHMYMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C23H45NO4/c1-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-23(27)28-21(19-22(25)26)20-24(2,3)4/h21H,5-20H2,1-4H3 Key: XOMRRQXKHMYMOC-UHFFFAOYAU;
	SMILES [O-]C(=O)CC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)C[N+](C)(C)C;
Properties
Chemical formula	C23H45NO4
Molar mass	399.608 g/mol
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	(what is ?)
	Infobox references

Palmitoylcarnitine is an ester derivative of carnitine involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. During the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), fatty acids undergo a process known as β-oxidation to produce energy in the form of ATP. β-oxidation occurs primarily within mitochondria, however the mitochondrial membrane prevents the entry of long chain fatty acids (>C10), so the conversion of fatty acids such as palmitic acid is key.^[1] Palmitic acid is brought to the cell and once inside the cytoplasm is first converted to Palmitoyl-CoA. Palmitoyl-CoA has the ability to freely pass the outer mitochondrial membrane, but the inner membrane is impermeable to the Acyl-CoA and thioester forms of various long-chain fatty acids such as palmitic acid. The palmitoyl-CoA is then enzymatically transformed into palmitoylcarnitine via the Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase family. The palmitoylcarnitine is then actively transferred into the inner membrane of the mitochondria via the carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase.^[2] Once inside the inner mitochondrial membrane, the same Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase family is then responsible for transforming the palmitoylcarnitine back to the palmitoyl-CoA form.

Structure[]

Chemical Structure of Palmitic Acid

Palmitoylcarnitine contains the saturated fatty acid known as palmitic acid (C16:0) which is bound to the β-hydroxy group of the carnitine. The core carnitine structure, consisting of butanoate with a quaternary ammonium attached to C4 and hydroxy group at C3, is a common molecular backbone for the transfer of multiple long chain fatty acids in the TCA cycle.

Function[]

Energy Generation[]

Palmitoylcarnitine is one molecule in a family of ester derivatives of carnitine that are utilized in the TCA cycle to generate energy. The beta oxidation yields 7 NADH, 7 FADH2, and 8 Acetyl-CoA chains. This Acetyl-CoA generates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP for every molecule in the Kreb's cycle. Each NADH generates 2.5 ATP in the ETC and FADH2 generates 1.5 ATP. This totals to 108 ATP, but 2 ATP are consumed to generate the initial Palmitoyl-CoA, leaving a net gain of 106 ATP.^[3]

Clinical Significance[]

Palmitoylcarnitine has demonstrated potential as a diagnostic marker in newborns for the medical condition of primary carnitine deficiency.^[4]

Levels of palmitoylarnitinte (palcar) demonstrated significant correlation with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and its effects in prostate cancer models, suggesting a similar role between the two molecules.^[5]

References[]

^ Tein, Ingrid (2015-01-01), Darras, Basil T.; Jones, H. Royden; Ryan, Monique M.; De Vivo, Darryl C. (eds.), "Chapter 40 - Lipid Storage Myopathies Due to Fatty Acid Oxidation Defects", Neuromuscular Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence (Second Edition), San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 761–795, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417044-5.00040-8, ISBN 978-0-12-417044-5, retrieved 2021-10-13
^ Pande, S. V. (1975-03-01). "A mitochondrial carnitine acylcarnitine translocase system". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 72 (3): 883–887. Bibcode:1975PNAS...72..883P. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.3.883. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 432425. PMID 1055387.
^ "Palmitoylcarnitine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
^ Huang, Y. L.; Tang, C. F.; Liu, S. C.; Sheng, H. Y.; Tang, F.; Jiang, X.; Zheng, R. D.; Mei, H. F.; Liu, L. (2020-06-02). "[Newborn screening for primary carnitine deficiency and variant spectrum of SLC22A5 gene in Guangzhou]". Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Pediatrics. 58 (6): 476–481. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20200323-00292. ISSN 0578-1310. PMID 32521959.
^ Al‐Bakheit, Ala'a; Traka, Maria; Saha, Shikha; Mithen, Richard; Melchini, Antonietta (2016-10-01). "Accumulation of Palmitoylcarnitine and Its Effect on Pro‐Inflammatory Pathways and Calcium Influx in Prostate Cancer". The Prostate. 76 (14): 1326–1337. doi:10.1002/pros.23222. ISSN 0270-4137. PMC 4996340. PMID 27403764.

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[1] Tein, Ingrid (2015-01-01), Darras, Basil T.; Jones, H. Royden; Ryan, Monique M.; De Vivo, Darryl C. (eds.), "Chapter 40 - Lipid Storage Myopathies Due to Fatty Acid Oxidation Defects", Neuromuscular Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence (Second Edition), San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 761–795, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417044-5.00040-8, ISBN 978-0-12-417044-5, retrieved 2021-10-13

[2] Pande, S. V. (1975-03-01). "A mitochondrial carnitine acylcarnitine translocase system". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 72 (3): 883–887. Bibcode:1975PNAS...72..883P. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.3.883. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 432425. PMID 1055387.

[3] "Palmitoylcarnitine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2021-11-27.

[4] Huang, Y. L.; Tang, C. F.; Liu, S. C.; Sheng, H. Y.; Tang, F.; Jiang, X.; Zheng, R. D.; Mei, H. F.; Liu, L. (2020-06-02). "[Newborn screening for primary carnitine deficiency and variant spectrum of SLC22A5 gene in Guangzhou]". Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Pediatrics. 58 (6): 476–481. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20200323-00292. ISSN 0578-1310. PMID 32521959.

[5] Al‐Bakheit, Ala'a; Traka, Maria; Saha, Shikha; Mithen, Richard; Melchini, Antonietta (2016-10-01). "Accumulation of Palmitoylcarnitine and Its Effect on Pro‐Inflammatory Pathways and Calcium Influx in Prostate Cancer". The Prostate. 76 (14): 1326–1337. doi:10.1002/pros.23222. ISSN 0270-4137. PMC 4996340. PMID 27403764.

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