Panorpa

Panorpa
Female P. vulgaris
Male P. alpina
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Mecoptera
Family:	Panorpidae
Genus:	Panorpa Linnaeus, 1758[1][2]
Species
See text

Panorpa is a genus of scorpion-flies that is widely dispersed, especially in the Northern hemisphere. However, they do not occur in western North America. Thirteen species occur in eastern Canada.^[3]

About 260 species are described as of 2018.

Larvae and adults feed on carrion.^[4]

The species P. vulgaris, has become a model insect for testing theories of sexual selection as its mating system has been noted to be similar to that of humans in some aspects.^[5] Studies show that both sexes of the species display mating preferences for direct (e.g. nuptial gifts) and indirect benefits (e.g. genetic benefits) to increase reproductive success. The production of nuptial gifts during copulation in males (e.g. salivary secretion) and high nutritional condition in females are indicators of "good foraging genes", an indirect benefit that individuals look for in their partners. These genetic benefits can increase fitness in offspring and improve their foraging ability.^[6]

The life-cycle of Panorpa nuptialis and its habits, have become of interest in the field of forensic entomology.^[7]

Species[]

This list is basically adapted from the World Checklist of extant Mecoptera species: Panorpa and complete as of 2018.

• Zhou, 2006 (China: Guizhou)
• Byers, 2011 (Mexico: Guerrero)
• Byers, 2001 (Mexico: Oaxaca)
• Byers, 2001 (Mexico: Oaxaca)
• Byers, 1993 (USA: Georgia)
• Panorpa acuta Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Connecticut, Georgia, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Zhou & Zhou, 2005 (USA: Georgia)
• Rambur, 1842 (Europe)
• Miyamoto & Makihara, 1984 (Japan)
• Panorpa americana Swederus, 1787 (USA: Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia)
• MacLachlan, 1872 (Korea, Russia: Far Eastern Province)
• Ju & Zhou, 2003 (China: Zhejiang)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• MacLachlan, 1869 (France, Germany, Sicily, Italy)

• Panorpa annexa latina Navás, 1928 (Italy)
• Panorpa annexa subalpina Navás, 1928 (Italy)
• Panorpa annexa etrusca Willmann, 1976 (Italy)

• Panorpa anomala Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Arkansas, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Mississippi, Wisconsin)
• Chou & Wang, 1987 (China: Hunan)
• Nagler, 1968 (Romania)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Byers, 2000 (Mexico: Michoacan)
• Byers, 2002 (USA: North Carolina)
• Esben-Petersen, 1915 (Korea)
• (Navás, 1912) (Russia: Far East)
• Willmann, 1973 (Turkey)
• Byers, 1996 (Mexico: San Luis Potosí)
• Cheng, 1957 (China: Fujian, Zhejiang)
• Byers, 1958 (Mexico: D.F., Mexico)
• Miyamoto, 1979(Japan: Echigo)
• Panorpa banksi Hine, 1901 (USA: Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, New York, South Carolina)
• Panorpa banksiana Penny & Byers, 1979 (USA: North Carolina, New Jersey)
• Cheng, 1957 (China: Kiangsu)
• Hua, Tao & Hua, 2018 (China: Shaanxi)
• Byers, 1993 (USA: Indiana, Tennessee)
• Zhang & Hua, 2012 (China: Shaanxi, Hubei)
• MacLachlan, 1887 (Japan)
• Chou & Wang, 1981 (China: Shaanxi, Hubei)
• Carpenter, 1935 (USA: Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia)
• Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Oaxaca)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Arkansas, Missouri)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Byers, 1996 (USA: Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee)
• Panorpa carolinensis Banks, 1905 (USA: North Carolina, Tennessee)
• Cheng, 1957 (China: Sichuan)
• MacLachlan, 1869 (Iran, Iraq)
• Hua, 2008 (China: Jilin, Liaoning)
• Chou, 1981 (China: Shaanxi)
• Cheng, 1957 (China: Zhejiang)
• Cheng, 1953 (Korea)
• Panorpa choctaw Byers, 1993 (USA: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee)
• Zhou & Wu, 1993 (China: Zhejiang)
• Navás, 1935 (China: Jiangxi)
• Panorpa claripennis Hine, 1901 (USA (Connecticut, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia), Canada: Quebec)
• Klapálek, 1902 (Hercegovina)
• Panorpa cognata Rambur, 1842 (England, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Russia, Sweden)

• Panorpa cognata osellai Willmann, 1976 (Italy)

• Panorpa communis Linnaeus, 1758 (Andorra, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Russia, England, Spain)

• Panorpa communis raehlei Lauterbach, 1970 (Europe)

• Esben-Petersen, 1915 (Taiwan)
• Byers, 1993 (USA: Alabama, Mississippi)
• MacLachlan, 1869 (Caucasus Mountains, Turkey)
• Panorpa consuetudinis Snodgrass, 1927 (USA: Alabama, Connecticut, Washington, Delaware, Indiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia)
• Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas)
• Byers, 2001 (Mexico: Puebla)
• Cheng, 1957 (China: Jiangxi)
• Okamoto, 1925 (Korea)
• Bicha, 2015 (USA: Georgia)
• Carpenter, 1938 (China: Sichuan)
• Zhou, 2006 (China: Guizhou)
• Zhou & Zhou, 2005 (China: Guizhou)
• Navás, 1908 (China: Sichuan)
• Panorpa debilis Westwood, 1846 (USA (Washington, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia), Canada: Ontario, Quebec)
• Esben-Petersen, 1913 (Taiwan)
• Chou & Wang, 1981 (China: Shaanxi, Hubei)
• Miyamoto, 1977 (Japan)

• Panorpa dichotoma intermedia Miyamoto, 1977 (Japan)

• Carpenter, 1938 (China: Sichuan)
• Carpenter, 1931 (USA: New Jersey, New York, Virginia)
• Bicha, 2016 (Mexico: Michoacan)
• Panorpa dubitans Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin)
• Hua, Sun & Li, 2001 (China: Sichuan)
• Panorpa ensigera Bicha, 1983 (USA: North Carolina, South Carolina)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Issiki & Cheng, 1947 (Taiwan)
• Byers, 1993 (USA: Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi)
• Chou & Wang, 1987 (China: Hunan)
• Cheng, 1957 (China: Fukien)
• Carpenter, 1938 (China: Sichuan)
• Panorpa flexa Carpenter, 1935 (USA: Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee)
• Panorpa floridana Byers, 1993 (USA: Florida)
• Cheng, 1949 (China: Sichuan)
• Tjeder, 1951 (China: Fujian)
• Chou, 1981 (China: Shaanxi)
• Zhou & Zhou, 2007 (China: Guizhou)
• Byers, 2001 (Mexico: Puebla)
• Panorpa galerita Byers, 1962 (USA (New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin), Canada: Quebec)
• Linnaeus, 1758 (Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Scotland, Norway)

• Panorpa germanica euboica Lauterbach, 1972 (Balkans of southern Europe)
• Panorpa germanica graeca Lauterbach, 1972 (Greece)
• Panorpa germanica riegeri Lauterbach, 1971 (Germany)
• Panorpa germanica rumelica Lauterbach, 1972 (Turkey)

• Byers, 2000 (Mexico: Oaxaca)
• Miyamoto, 1994 (Japan)
• Carpenter, 1931 (USA: North Carolina, Virginia)
• Cheng, 1957 (China: Sichuan)
• Byers, 1970 (China: Guangdong)
• Chou & Li, 1987 (China: Hunan)
• Navás, 1908 (China: Sichuan)
• Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)
• Miyake, 1913 (Japan)
• Issiki & Cheng, 1947 (Taiwan)
• Panorpa helena Byers, 1962 (USA (Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia), Canada: Manitoba)
• Byers, 1993 (USA: Georgia, South Carolina)
• Miyamoto, 1985 (Japan)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Navás, 1928 (Russia)
• Panorpa hungerfordi Byers, 1973 (USA: Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin)
• MacLachlan, 1882 (Romania, Finland, Germany, Russia, Bulgaria)
• Esben-Petersen, 1915 (Mexico: Guerrero, Mexico)
• Cheng, 1957 (China: Fujian)
• Martynova, 1957 (Russia: Far East)
• Bicha, 2006 (Mexico: Jalisco)
• Panorpa insolens Carpenter, 1935 (USA: Kentucky, Ohio)
• Hua & Chou, 1998 (China: Hainan)
• Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Veracruz)
• Miyamoto, 1994 (Japan)
• Panorpa isolata Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Alabama, Washington, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee)
• Byers, 1970 (China: Yunnan)
• Penny & Byers, 1979 (Taiwan)
• Thunberg, 1784 (Japan)
• Zhou, 2000 (China: Jilin)
• Hua, Sun & Li, 1994 (China: Sichuan)
• Miyamoto, 1979 (Japan)
• Cheng, 1957 (China: Fujian)
• Zhou & WU, 1993 (China: Zhejiang)
• Issiki, 1929 (Japan)
• Tjeder, 1951 (China: Fujian)
• Okamoto, 1925 (Korea)
• Fu & Hua, 2009 (China: Yunnan)
• Lauterbach, 1972 (Greece)
• Navás, 1930 (Taiwan)
• Panorpa latipennis Hine, 1901 (USA: Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin)
• Uhler, 1858 (Japan)
• MacLachlan, 1887 (Japan)
• Zhou & Zhou, 2007 (China: Guizhou, Chongqing)
• Cheng, 1952 (Taiwan)
• Hua, 1997 (China: Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongol)
• Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia)
• Issiki & Cheng, 1947 (Taiwan)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Panorpa lugubris Swederus, 1787 (USA: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia)
• Carpenter, 1945 (China: Anhui, Zhejiang)
• Byers, 2001 (Mexico: Jalisco)
• Hua, 1998 (China: Jilin, Liaoning)
• Panorpa maculosa Hagen, 1861 (USA: Connecticut, Georgia, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia)
• Byers, 1999 (Myanmar: Kachin)
• Chou & Wang, 1987 (China: Hunan)
• Rambur, 1842 (Andorra, Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Romania)

• Navás, 1917 (Spain)
• Navás, 1917 (Spain)
• Navás, 1917 (Spain)

• Banks, 1913 (Mexico: Veracruz)
• Byers, 2011 (Mexico: Michoacan)
• Panorpa mirabilis Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania)
• Bicha, 2006 (Mexico: Oaxaca)
• Miyamoto, 1985 (Japan)
• Cheng, 1957 (China: Zhejiang)
• Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Hidalgo)
• Miyake, 1910 (Japan)
• Panorpa nebulosa Westwood, 1846 (USA (Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin), Canada: Ontario, Quebec)
• Panorpa neglecta Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee)
• Chou & Wang, 1981 (China)
• MacLachlan, 1882 (Iran, former USSR)
• Navás, 1908 (Japan)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Byers, 2002 (Taiwan)

• Panorpa nuptialis Gerstaecker, 1863 (USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas), Mexico)
• Carpenter, 1945 (China: Jiangxi)
• Chou & Wang, 1987 (China: Hunan)
• Issiki, 1927 (Taiwan)
• Miyake, 1910 (Japan)
• Panorpa oconee Byers, 1993 (USA: Georgia)
• Issiki, 1927 (Korea)
• Nakamura, 2009 (Japan: Okinawa-Jima)
• MacLachlan, 1887 (Korea, Russia)
• Byers, 1993 (USA: Georgia, South Carolina)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Panorpa palustris Byers, 1958 (USA: North Carolina, Virginia)
• Wang & Hua, 2016 (China: Yunnan)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Byers, 1962 (Mexico: Durango)
• Byers, 2013 (Mexico: Hidalgo)
• Issiki, 1927 (Taiwan)
• Hagen, 1863 (Turkey)
• Cheng, 1957 (China: Kiangsi)
• Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)
• Chou & Wang, 1987 (China)
• Byers, 1993 (USA: South Carolina)
• Lauterbach, 1972 (Yugoslavia)
• McLachlan, 1875 (Japan)
• Nagler, 1970 (Romania)
• Klug, 1838 (Mexico)
• Klapálek, 1906 (Europe, Asia)
• Cheng, 1949 (China: Shaansi)
• Zhou & Zhou, 2010 (Taiwan)
• Chou & Ran, 1981 (China: Shaanxi)
• Chou & Wang, 1987 (China: Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi)
• Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Hidalgo)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Hidalgo)
• Wang & Hua, 2016 (China: Yunnan)
• Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Georgia, South Carolina)
• Panorpa rufa Gray, 1832 (USA: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina)
• Rambur, 1842 (USA: Connecticut, Washington, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island)
• Westwood, 1846 (Albania)
• Byers, 1993 (USA: Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi)
• Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)
• Byers, 1993 (USA: Georgia, South Carolina)
• Cheng, 1949 (China: Sichuan)
• Byers, 1997 (Mexico: San Luis Potosi)
• Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Michoacan)
• Panorpa setifera Webb, 1974 (USA: Wisconsin)
• Cheng, 1949 (China: Shaansi)

• Panorpa sexspinosa zhongnanensis Chou & Wang, 1981 (China: Shaanxi)

• Zhou & Bao, 2002 (China: Guangxi, Guizhou)
• Chou & Wang, 1981 (China: Shaanxi)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Esben-Petersen, 1915 (Russia: Far East)
• Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin)
• Esben-Petersen, 1915 (former USSR)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Zhou & Zhou, 2005 (China: Guizhou)
• Panorpa speciosa Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin)
• Navás, 1908 (China: Sichuan)
• Zhou, 2006 (China: Guizhou)
• Miyake, 1908 (Japan)
• Chou & Tong, 1987 (China: Hunan)
• Chou & Li, 1987 (China: Hunan)
• Panorpa subfurcata Westwood, 1842 (USA (Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia), Canada: Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec)
• Panorpa submaculosa Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Wisconsin)
• Byers, 1962 (USA: Virginia)
• Nagler, 1970 (Romania)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
• Miyake, 1908 (Japan)
• Willmann, 1974 (Turkey)

• Panorpa tatvana ressli Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)

• Byers, 2002 (Taiwan)
• Klug, 1838 (Mexico: Morelos)
• Navás, 1935 (China: Anhui, Jiangxi)
• Navás, 1935 (China: Anhui, Jiangxi)
• Byers, 2011 (Mexico: Puebla)
• Cheng, 1957 (Japan: Tsushima)
• Willmann, 1976 (European Turkey)
• Esben-Petersen, 1934 (Greece)
• Nakamura, 2009 (Japan: Tokuno-Shima)
• Byers, 2000 (Mexico: Puebla)
• Cheng, 1957 (China: Fujian)
• Chou & Li, 1987 (China: Hunan)
• Miyake, 1908 (Japan)
• Byers, 1997 (Mexico: Jalisco)
• Issiki, 1929 (Japan)
• Miyamoto, 1979 (Japan)
• Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)

• Panorpa turcica anatolica Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)
• Panorpa turcica pontica Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)

• Cheng, 1949 (China: Sichuan)
• Byers, 2013 (Mexico: Michoacan)
• Bicha, 2006 (Mexico: Jalisco)
• Westwood, 1846 (USA: Georgia)
• Panorpa vernalis Byers, 1973 (USA: Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi)
• Panorpa virginica Banks, 1906 (USA: Connecticut, Georgia, North Carolina, New Jersey, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia)
• Imhoff & Labram, 1845 (Europe, Asia)
• Navás, 1935 (China: Jiangxi)
• MacLachlan, 1875 (Japan)
• Cheng, 1957 (China: Zhejiang)
• Chou, 1981 (China: Shaanxi)
• Issiki & Cheng, 1947 (Taiwan)
• Byers, 1994 (Taiwan)

References[]

• Missoweit, M.; Engels, S.; Sauer, K. P. (19 October 2006). "Foraging ability in the scorpionfly Panorpa vulgaris individual differences and heritability" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 61 (3): 487. doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0277-y.

External links[]

• Panorpa floridana, Florida scorpionfly on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures website.