Parachartergus
| Parachartergus | |
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| Parachartergus apicalis tending treehopper nymphs | |
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| Genus: | Parachartergus
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Parachartergus is a genus of epiponine social wasps belonging to the subfamily Polistinae. Species include:
- [1]
- Parachartergus apicalis - known to form mutualistic relationships with treehoppers. The male genitalia are noted for their movements of "startling complexity".
- [2]
- Parachartergus colobopterus - unusually nests contain several queens. The species is docile, preferring to leave the nest than mount an attack.
- (Fox, 1898)[3]
- (Ducke, 1905)[3]
- [2]
- Parachartergus fraternus (Gribodo, 1892) - closely related to P. apicalis and has been studied extensively
- [1]
- [2]
- [2]
- [4]
- (Willink, 1951)[3]
- [5]
- [2]
- [2]
- [2]
References[]
- ^ a b Hunt, James H.; Carpenter, James M. (October 2004). "Intra-specific Nest Form Variation in Some Neotropical Swarm-founding Wasps of the Genus Parachartergus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 77 (4): 448–456. doi:10.2317/E-26.1.
- ^ a b c d e f g Owain Westmacott Richards (1978). The Social Wasps of the Americas Excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History). pp. 203–213. ISBN 978-0-565-00785-0.
- ^ a b c Somavilla, Alexandre; De Oliveira, Marcio Luiz (30 May 2017). "Social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) from Ducke Reserve, Amazonas, Brazil". Sociobiology. 64 (1): 125. doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v64i1.1215.
- ^ Brito, E. L. S.; Aragão, M.; Santos, G. M. M. (16 May 2018). "Colony defensive behavior by the swarm-founding wasp Parachartergus pseudoapicalis: increase on investment predicts the intensity of nest defense". Insectes Sociaux. 65 (3): 411–417. doi:10.1007/s00040-018-0627-6.
- ^ Mateus, Sidnei; Noll, Fernando Barbosa; Zucchi, Ronaldo (1997). "Morphological Caste Differences in the Neotropical Swarm-Founding Polistine Wasps: Parachartergus smithii (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 105 (3/4): 129–139. JSTOR 25010237.
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