Paraguay–Taiwan relations

Sino–Paraguayan relations

Paraguay	Taiwan

Paraguay–Taiwan relations, also known as Sino-Paraguayan relations are foreign relations between the Republic of Paraguay and the Republic of China (Taiwan). Both governments established diplomatic relations on July 8, 1957. Paraguay is one of the 15 countries in the world (and the only one in South America) that has diplomatic recognition with the Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of "China". Paraguay has had an embassy in Taipei since 1999.^[1] Taiwan has an Embassy in Asunción and a Consulate-General in Ciudad del Este.^[2] The two are antipodes of each other. The ROC is also the second state in Asia (after Japan) to have diplomatic relations with Paraguay.

History[]

Former Paraguay President Horacio Cartes and ROC President Tsai Ing-wen in Taipei.

The governments of Paraguay and the Republic of China established diplomatic relations on July 8, 1957 as the sole legal government of China. Over the following decades, the two governments signed the Cultural Convention (1961), Treaty of Friendship (1968), and Conventions of Tourism and Investments (1975).^{[3] [4]}

The partnership between the anti-communist governments of General Alfredo Stroessner and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek was quite natural. Many Paraguayan officers went for training in Fu Hsing Kang College in Taiwan.^[5]

The ouster of Stroessner in 1989, and his successor Andrés Rodríguez's reinventing himself as a democratically elected president, were immediately followed by invitations from the People's Republic of China to switch diplomatic recognition.^[6] However, the experienced general and politician Wang Sheng who happened to serve as Taiwan's ambassador at the time, and his diplomatic staff, were able to convince the Paraguayans that continuing the relationship with ROC, and thus keeping Taiwan's development assistance and access to Taiwan's markets, would be more advantageous for Paraguay. As the ROC Commercial Attaché at Asunción, Tseng Cheng-te, explained later, "I tried constantly to figure out what we could buy from them. It was very difficult, because they have nothing to offer".^[6]

Taiwan (ROC) provided assistance to Paraguay on a number of economic development projects throughout the 1990s,^[4] and has extended large loans to Paraguay; as of early 2009, Taiwan's government was offering payment deferral on a $400 million outstanding loan.^[7]

The bilateral relationship has been increasingly affected by China's economic growth and its rigid approach to the One China Policy. The People's Republic of China is a major buyer of Paraguay's major exports, especially soy and beef. It has also made large investments in those sectors, directly affecting the Paraguayan economy. This has led to increasingly prominent debates within Paraguay over recognition policy. "While commercial ties increase, China may be gaining other forms of leverage over Paraguay; pro-China rumblings surfaced in late 2019 largely from meat producers whose market can be curtailed through phytosanitary regulations."^[8]

Traditionally, Paraguayan diplomats at the United Nations backed regular proposals at the UN General Assembly sessions for the return of the Republic of China into the United Nations' Organization.^[9] However, in the fall of 2008, the recently elected Paraguyan president Fernando Lugo (whose inauguration, just a few days previously, had been attended by Taiwan's Ma Ying-jeou^[10]) announced that his country would not do so at the 63rd annuals session of the General Assembly.^[11]

Under President Mario Abdo Benítez, in office since August 2018, Paraguay has emphasized a pro-Taiwan policy while also seeking commercial opportunities with the PRC. "He has emphasized a desire to expand commercial relations with PRC, 'always respecting our historic friendship with Taiwan'."^[12][13]

In 2018, Paraguay was the last South American country that still recognised Taiwan.^[14] In May 2021, Paraguay was one of 15 countries that maintained diplomatic relations with Taiwan.^[15]

FTA[]

In 2004, Taiwan and Paraguay attempted to negotiate a free trade agreement,^[16] but having to obtain approval from Paraguay's MERCOSUR's partners (none of which has diplomatic relations with Taiwan) made the process difficult.^[10][17] Since 27 February 2018 the free trade agreement has entered into effect.^[18]

Contestation within Paraguay[]

In recent years, the bilateral relationship has been the subject of growing contention in Paraguay. Long and Urdinez note that the PRC's growth increased Paraguay's opportunity costs, especially in the form of lost loans and investments from mainland China during the commodities boom. However, Taiwan continued to enjoy support from many Paraguayan policymakers. In response to arguments that recognizing the People's Republic was economically necessary, "Key Paraguayan elites have proactively pushed back against the idea that a change in recognition is inevitable or beneficial."^[19] On April 17, 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, a group of Paraguayan senators advanced a bill to urge the president to shift Paraguay's recognition of China from Taipei to Beijing. The proposal was defeated 25–16. Proponents argued that the PRC would provide greater medical aid to Paraguay, something the ROC contested by increasing its own provision of assistance after declaring that they would suspend relations between the countries.^[20] The vote followed growing political pressure within Paraguay, especially from ranchers seeking greater access to the Chinese market for their beef exports.^[21]

Bilateral Visits[]

Visits from  Paraguay (after 1987/01)[]

Visits from  Republic of China (after 1987/01)[]

See also[]

• Foreign relations of Paraguay
• Foreign relations of Taiwan

References[]

External links[]

• Paraguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Taiwan
• Embassy of Taiwan in Asunción
• Embassy of Paraguay in Taipei