Pasiphaë

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For the moon of Jupiter, see Pasiphae (moon).
Not to be confused with Pasithea.
Pasiphae sits on a throne, mosaic from Zeugma, Gaziantep Museum .

In Greek mythology, Pasiphaë (/pəˈsɪfiiː/;[1] Greek: Πασιφάη Pasipháē, "wide-shining" derived from πᾶς pas "all, for all, of all" and φάος/φῶς phaos/phos "light")[2] was a queen of Crete.

Family[]

Pasiphaë was the daughter of Perse (one of the Oceanids[3]) and Helios, the god of the Sun.[4] She was thus the sister of Aeëtes, Circe and Perses of Colchis. In some accounts, Pasiphaë's mother was identified as the island-nymph Crete herself.[5][6] Like her doublet Europa, the consort of Zeus, her origins were in the East, in her case at the earliest-known Kartvelian-speaking polity of Colchis (Egrisi (Georgian: ეგრისი, now in western Georgia[7][8][9][10]); she was the sister of Circe, Aeëtes and Perses of Colchis, and she was given in marriage to King Minos of Crete. With Minos, she was the mother of Acacallis, Ariadne, Androgeus, Glaucus, Deucalion, Phaedra, Xenodice, and Catreus. She was also the mother of "star-like" Asterion, called the Minotaur.

Daedalus presents the artificial cow to Pasiphaë: Roman fresco in the House of the Vettii, Pompeii, 1st century CE.

The Minotaur[]

After a curse from Poseidon, Pasiphaë experienced lust for and mated with a white bull sent by Poseidon.[11] Mythological scholars and authors Ruck and Staples remarked that "the Bull was the old pre-Olympian Poseidon".[12]

In the Greek literalistic understanding of a Minoan myth,[13] in order to actually copulate with the bull, she had the Athenian artificer Daedalus[14] construct a portable wooden cow with a cowhide covering, within which she was able to satisfy her strong desire.[15] This interpretation reduced a near-divine figure (a daughter of the Sun) to a stereotyped emblem of grotesque bestiality and the shocking excesses of lust and deceit.[16] Pasiphaë appeared in Virgil's Eclogue VI (45–60), in Silenus' list of suitable mythological subjects, on which Virgil lingers in such detail that he gives the sixteen-line episode the weight of a brief inset myth.[17] In Ovid's Ars Amatoria Pasiphaë is framed in zoophilic terms: Pasiphae fieri gaudebat adultera tauri—"Pasiphaë took pleasure in becoming an adulteress with a bull."

The Curse of Pasiphaë[]

In other aspects, Pasiphaë, like her niece Medea, was a mistress of magical herbal arts in the Greek imagination. The author of Bibliotheke (3.197–198) records the fidelity charm she placed upon Minos, who would ejaculate serpents, scorpions, and centipedes killing any unlawful concubine; but Procris, with a protective herb, lay with Minos with impunity.[18]

On divination[]

In mainland Greece, Pasiphaë was worshipped as an oracular goddess at Thalamae, one of the original koine of Sparta. The geographer Pausanias describes the shrine as small, situated near a clear stream, and flanked by bronze statues of Helios and Pasiphaë. His account also equates Pasiphaë with Ino and the lunar goddess Selene.

Cicero writes in De Divinatione 1.96 that the Spartan ephors would sleep at the shrine of Pasiphaë, seeking prophetic dreams to aid them in governance. According to Plutarch,[19] Spartan society twice underwent major upheavals sparked by ephors' dreams at the shrine during the Hellenistic era. In one case, an ephor dreamed that some of his colleagues' chairs were removed from the agora, and that a voice called out "this is better for Sparta"; inspired by this, King Cleomenes acted to consolidate royal power. Again during the reign of King Agis, several ephors brought the people into revolt with oracles from Pasiphaë's shrine promising remission of debts and redistribution of land.

Possible celestial deity[]

In Description of Greece, Pausanias equates Pasiphaë with Selene, implying that the figure was worshipped as a lunar deity.[20] However, further studies on Minoan religion indicate that the sun was a female figure, suggesting instead that Pasiphaë was originally a solar goddess, an interpretation consistent with her depiction as Helios' daughter.[21] Poseidon's bull may in turn be vestigial of the lunar bull prevalent in Ancient Mesopotamian religion.[22]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Wells, John C. (2009). "Pasiphae, Pasiphaë". Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. London: Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  2. ^ An attribute of the Moon, as Pausanias remarked in passing (i.43.96): compare Euryphaessa; if Pasipháē is an ancient conventional Minoan epithet translated into Greek, it would be a "loan translation", or calque.
  3. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 346
  4. ^ Apollodorus, Library 1.9.1; Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae preface; Cicero, De Natura Deorum 48.4
  5. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 4.60.4
  6. ^ John Tzetzes, Chiliades 4.361
  7. ^ David Marshall Lang. The Georgians. p. 59. Frederick A. Praeger. New York (1966).
  8. ^ Antiquity 1994. p. 359. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia: Значение слова "Колхи" в Большой Советской Энциклопедии
  9. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, John Anthony Crook, Elizabeth Rawson, p. 255
  10. ^ David Marshall Lang. The Georgians. p. 75, 76-88. Frederick A. Praeger. New York (1966).
  11. ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheke 3.1.4
  12. ^ Ruck and Staples 1994:213.
  13. ^ Specific astrological or calendrical interpretations of the mystic mating of the "wide-shining" daughter of the Sun with a mythological bull, transformed into an unnatural curse in Hellene myth, are prone to variability and debate.
  14. ^ Daedalus was of the line of the chthonic king at Athens Erechtheus.
  15. ^ Greek myth characteristically emphasizes the accursed unnaturalness of a mystical marriage conceived literally as merely carnal: a fragment of Bacchylides alludes to "her unspeakable sickness" and Hyginus (Fabulae 40) to "an unnatural love for a bull".
  16. ^ This was the commonplace of brief notices of Pasiphaë among Latin poets, too, Rebecca Armstrong notes, in Cretan Women: Pasiphae, Ariadne, and Phaedra in Latin Poetry (Oxford University Press) 2006:169. Ruck and Staples (1994:9) argue that "the suspension of linear chronology" is a common feature in Greek myths.
  17. ^ Armstrong 2006:171.
  18. ^ See also the Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis, 41.
  19. ^ Plutarch, Lives of Agis and Cleomenes.
  20. ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 3.26.1
  21. ^ Goodison, L. “From Tholos Tomb to Throne Room: Perceptions of the Sun in Minoan Ritual”. In: R. LAFFINEUR and R. HÄGG (eds.). Potnia: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age. 2001. pp. 77-88.
  22. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-11-30.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

References[]

External links[]

  • Media related to Pasiphae at Wikimedia Commons
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