Pearl White

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For the silent-era theatre organist and piano player, see Pearl White (organist).

Pearl White
Raoul Paoli - Cinéma-Dédicace-Pearl White.jpg
Born
Pearl Fay White

(1889-03-04)March 4, 1889
Green Ridge, Missouri, U.S.
DiedAugust 4, 1938(1938-08-04) (aged 49)
Neuilly-sur-Seine, French Third Republic
Resting placeCimetière de Passy
NationalityAmerican
OccupationActress
Years active1910–1924
Spouse(s)
​
​
(m. 1907; div. 1914)​

Wallace McCutcheon, Jr.
​
​
(m. 1919; div. 1921)​

Pearl Fay White (March 4, 1889 – August 4, 1938) was an American stage and film actress. White began her career on the stage at the age of six, and later moved on to silent films appearing in a number of popular serials.

Dubbed the "Queen of the Serials", White was noted for doing the majority of her own stunts, most notably in The Perils of Pauline. Often cast as a plucky onscreen heroine, White's roles directly contrasted those of the popularized archetypal ingénue. [1]

Early life[]

White was born in Green Ridge, Missouri, to Edgar White, a farmer, and Lizzie G. House. She had four brothers and sisters. The family later moved to Springfield, Missouri.[2][3] At age 6, she made her stage debut as "Little Eva" in Uncle Tom's Cabin.[4] When she was 13, White worked as a bareback rider for the circus.[5]

Career[]

White in an advertisement for The Iron Claw in The Moving Picture World, 1916

“The Perils of Pauline was not the first serial ever made, nor was it the best. It has the reputation of having been poorly directed, crudely edited and ungrammatically captioned. Still, it is far and away the most famous of all silent serials. The reason for this is its dynamic star.”– Biographer Lon Davis in Silent LIves: 100 Biographies of the Silent Film Era. (2008).[6]

She began performing with the Diemer Theater Company while in her second year of high scho ol. Against the wishes of her father, White dropped out of school, and in 1907,[3] she went on the road with the Trousedale Stock Company, working evening shows while keeping her day job to help support her family. She was soon able to join the company full-time, touring through the American Midwest.

White played minor roles for several years, when she was spotted by the Powers Film Company in New York. She claimed she had also performed in Cuba for a time under the name Miss Mazee, singing American songs in a dance hall. Her travels as a singer also took her to South America.

In 1910, White had trouble with her throat, and her voice began to fail from the nightly theatrical performances. She made her debut in films that year, starring in a series of one-reel dramas and comedies for Pat Powers in the Bronx. It was at Powers Films that White honed her skills at physical comedy and stunt work. She became a popular player with the company and caught the attention of Pathé Frères.[3]

In 1910, White was offered a role by Pathé Frères in The Girl From Arizona, the French company's first American film produced at their new studio in Bound Brook, New Jersey. She then worked at Lubin Studios in 1911 and several other of the independents, until the in Manhattan gave her top billing in a number of slapstick comedy shorts from 1912 to 1914. White then took a vacation in Europe. Upon her return, she signed with Eclectic Film Company, a subsidiary of Pathé in 1914.[7]

Pearl of the Army, 1917

Pathé director Louis J. Gasnier offered her the starring role in film serial The Perils of Pauline, based on a story by playwright Charles W. Goddard. The film features the central character, Pauline, in a story involving considerable action, which the athletic Pearl White proved ideally suited for. The Perils of Pauline consisted of 20 two-reel episodes that were released weekly. The serial proved to be a hit with audiences and made White a major celebrity; she was soon earning $1,750 a week.[8][9][10] She followed this with an even bigger box office hit, The Exploits of Elaine (1914-1915).

Over the next five years, White would appear in the popular serials The New Exploits of Elaine (1915), The Romance of Elaine (1915), The Iron Claw (1916), Pearl of the Army (1916-1917), The Fatal Ring (1917), The House of Hate (1918), The Lightning Raider (1919) and The Black Secret (1919-1920).[7] In these serials, White flew airplanes, raced cars, swam across rivers, and did other similar feats. She did much of her own stunt work until Pathé decided that they could not risk injuring one of their most popular stars. (She had already injured her spine during the filming of The Perils of Pauline, an injury that would cause her pain for the rest of her life.)[3][11]

A male stunt double wearing a wig would perform the majority of the more dangerous stunts in White's later films.[3] The public was largely unaware that White and other actors used stunt doubles, but in August 1922, the truth was revealed.[11] During the filming of White's final serial, Plunder, John Stevenson, an actor who was doubling for White, was supposed to leap from the top of a bus on 72nd Street and Columbus Avenue onto an elevated girder. He missed the girder and struck his head. Stevenson died of a fractured skull.[12] After the filming of Plunder was complete, White traveled to Europe for another vacation.

By 1919, White had grown tired of film serials and signed with Fox Film Corporation with the ambition to appear in dramatic roles. Over the next two years White appeared in ten drama films for Fox but her popularity had begun to wane.[3]

Later years[]

Advertisement in Photoplay for Terreur, White's final film, 1924

At the Pathé movie studio she met Blanche Azurello and both travelled to France where White hoped to reboot her acting career.[13] Influenced by her French friends from Pathé, White was drawn to the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris. While living there, she made her last film for her friend, Belgian-born director Edward José, who had directed her in several serials. Silent films could be made in any country, and as White was a recognizable star worldwide, she was offered many roles in France. She made her final film, Terreur (released as The Perils of Paris in the United States), in France in 1924. White returned to the stage in a Montmartre production Tu Perds la Boule. In 1925, she accepted an offer to star with comedian Max Wall in the "London Review" at the Lyceum Theatre in London, where she earned $3,000 a week. She then retired from performing.[14]

By the time she retired from films in 1924, White had amassed a fortune of $2 million ($30 million in 2020).[3]​ A shrewd businesswoman, she invested in a successful Parisian nightclub, a Biarritz resort hotel/casino, and a stable of 10 race horses. White divided her time between her townhouse in Passy and a 54-acre estate near Rambouillet.[15][16] She became involved with Theodore Cossika, a Greek businessman who shared her love of travel. Together, they purchased a home near Cairo.[14]​

According to published reports after her death, White's friends claimed that she intended to make a comeback in sound films. White later told friends that after she made a test for sound films in 1929, she was told that her voice was unsuitable.[16]​ White made occasional visits to the United States in 1924, 1927, and 1937. On her last visit, White told reporters she was not interested in making a comeback and mused that acting in silent films was more difficult than acting in the then-new "talkies". By this time, White had gained a substantial amount of weight. She told reporters she did not like to be photographed as she felt that photos made her face look fat, adding "Why should I have my picture taken when I can get paid for it?"[17]

Personal life[]

White was married twice and had no children. She married actor Victor Sutherland on October 10, 1907. They divorced in 1914. In 1919, she married actor Wallace McCutcheon Jr., son of pioneering cinematographer and director Wallace McCutcheon Sr. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1921.[3]

Death[]

Pearl White's plot at Cimetière de Passy in Passy, Paris, France.

By 1937, White was dying of liver failure. The injury she sustained to her spine while filming The Perils of Pauline had continued to cause her pain, which she eased with drugs and alcohol. A year before her death, White got her affairs in order, purchased a plot in Cimetière de Passy (Passy Cemetery) near her home and arranged her own funeral.[17]

In early July 1938, she checked herself into the American Hospital of Paris in the suburb of Neuilly, due to issues with her liver. She slipped into a coma on August 3, 1938 and died the following day of what was identified in her obituaries as a "liver ailment"[15][16] (likely cirrhosis due to years of heavy drinking).[9] She was 49 years old. White was buried in Cimetière de Passy after a small, private funeral.[17]

White left the majority of her fortune, including jewelry and property, to Theodore Cossika. She also bequeathed money to her father, nieces, and nephews, and willed $73,000 to charities.[17]

Legacy[]

Pearl White's place in film history is important in both the evolution of cinema genres and the role of women. Like many silent film actors, many of White's films are now considered lost. The Perils of Pauline is only known to exist in a reduced nine-reel version released in Europe in 1916, but The Exploits of Elaine survives and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. All of her films were made at studios on the East Coast, as White reportedly never visited Hollywood. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Pearl White has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6838 Hollywood Blvd.[4] The 1947 Paramount Pictures film The Perils of Pauline, starring Betty Hutton, is a fictionalized biography of Pearl White.[8]

Selected filmography[]

(for extensive list of her films see the Pearl White filmography)

Year Title Role Notes
1910 The Horse Shoer's Girl
1910 The New Magdalene
1910 The Woman Hater[18]
1911 An Unforeseen Complication The Professor's Daughter
1911 The Stepsisters The Stepmother's Spoiled Daughter
1912 The Mad Lover Ethel Marion
1912 The Spendthrift's Reform The Wife
1912 The Mind Cure Pearl
1912 Oh That Lemonade The Widow
1913 Pearl as a Detective Pearl
1913 The Paper Doll Alice Wilson
1914 The Perils of Pauline Pauline Serial
1914 The Exploits of Elaine Elaine Dodge Serial
1915 The New Exploits of Elaine Elaine Dodge Serial
1915 The Romance of Elaine Elaine Dodge Serial
1916 Hazel Kirke Hazel Kirke
1916 The Iron Claw Margery Golden Serial
1916 Pearl of the Army Pearl Date Serial
1917 Mayblossom Anabel Lee
1917 The Fatal Ring Violet Standish Serial
1918 The House of Hate Pearl Grant Serial
1919 The Lightning Raider The Lightning Raider Serial
1919 The Black Secret Evelyn Ereth
1920 The White Moll Rhoda, The White Moll
1920 The Thief Mary Vantyne
1921 Know Your Men Ellen Schuyler
1921 A Virgin Paradise Gratia Latham
1922 Any Wife Myrtle Hill
1922 The Broadway Peacock Myrtle May
1922 Without Fear Ruth Hamilton
1923 Plunder Pearl Travers Serial
1924 Perils of Paris Hélène Aldrich Serial
Alternative title: Terreur

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Claire Love, Jen Pollack, Alison Landsberg (2017), Silent Film Actresses and Their Most Popular Characters, National Women's History MuseumCS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ 1900 United States Census, Springfield Ward 6, Greene Co., Mo.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Bishop, Jim (August 3, 1959). "Many Remember Pearl White America's First Movie Star". The Evening Independent. p. 7-A. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b "Hollywood Star Walk: Pearl White". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  5. ^ "Pearl White Dies In Paris Hospital". The Montreal Gazette. August 5, 1938. p. 9. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
  6. ^ Davis, 2008 p. 396
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b McHenry, Robert, ed. (1980). Famous American Women: A Biographical Dictionary from Colonial Times to the Present. Courier Dover Publications. p. 440. ISBN 0-486-24523-3.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Perils of Pauline". Life. Time Inc. 21 (1): 75. July 1, 1946. ISSN 0024-3019.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Book Review Digest, Volume 66. H.W. Wilson Company. 1970. p. 1466.
  10. ^ Brettell, Andrew; King, Noel; Kennedy, Damien; Imwold, Denise; Leonard, Warren Hsu; von Rohr, Heather (2005). Cut!: Hollywood Murders, Accidents, and Other Tragedies. Barrons Educational Series. p. 200. ISBN 0-7641-5858-9.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b Golden, Eve (2007). Vernon and Irene Castle's Ragtime Revolution. University Press of Kentucky. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-813-17269-9.
  12. ^ "Film Actor Killed in Leap". Reading Eagle. August 11, 1922. p. 6. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  13. ^ "Rubenstein, Blanche (c. 1897–1969) | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b Golden, Eve (2000). Golden Images: 41 Essays on Silent Film Stars. McFarland. p. 203. ISBN 0-786-48354-7.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b "Pearl White, Famous in Early Movie Thriller, Dies of Liver Ailment". Herald-Journal. August 5, 1938. p. 1. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Pearl White Dies In Paris Hospital". The Montreal Gazette. August 5, 1938. p. 9. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Golden 2000 p.204
  18. ^ Kehr, Dave (June 6, 2010). "Long-Lost Silent Films Return to America". New York Times.

Sources[]

  • Davis, Lon. 2008. Silent Lives: 100 Biographies of the Silent Film Era. Forward by Kevin Brownlow. BearManor Media, Albany, Georgia. ISBN 1-59393-124-7
  • Fletcher, Adelle Whitely (February 1921). "Reconsidering Pearl". Motion Picture Magazine.
  • Johaneson, Bland, "Good-by, Boys, I'm Through," Photoplay, April 1924, p. 31. Retirement announcement.
  • Lahue, Kalton C. (1971). Ladies in Distress. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co. ISBN 0-498-07634-2.

External links[]

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