Persistence hunting

Persistence hunting (sometimes called endurance hunting) is a hunting technique in which hunters, who may be slower than their prey over short distances, use a combination of running, walking, and tracking to pursue prey until it is fatigued or overheated. A persistence hunter must be able to run a long distance over an extended period. The strategy is used by a variety of canids such as African wild dogs, and by human hunter-gatherers.

Humans are the only surviving primate species that practises persistence hunting. In addition to a capacity for endurance running, human hunters have comparatively little hair, which makes sweating an effective means of cooling the body.^[1] Meanwhile, ungulates and other mammals may need to pant to cool down enough,^[1] which also means that they must slow down if not remain still.^[2]

Persistence hunting is believed to have been one of the earliest hunting strategies used by humans.

In canids[]

African wild dogs run down their prey over long distances at moderate speed.

Persistence hunting is found in canids such as African wild dogs and domestic hounds. The African wild dog is an extreme persistence predator, tiring out individual prey by following them for many miles at relatively low speed, compared for example to the cheetah's brief high-speed pursuit.^[3] However, African wild dogs can only do this at night, unlike humans. Wolves, on the other hand, are also known to do this during the day, although in this case, for them this is only possible in colder climates, where most wolves usually tend to live.

In humans[]

Timelapse of endurance hunting.^[4]

Early hominins[]

Persistence hunting was likely one of a number of tactics used by early hominins,^[2][5] and could have been practised with^[6] or without^[7] projectile weapons such as darts, spears, or slings.

As hominins adapted to bipedalism they would have lost some speed, becoming less able to catch prey with short, fast charges. They would, however, have gained endurance and become better adapted to persistence hunting.^[2][8][9] Although many mammals sweat, few have evolved to use sweating for effective thermoregulation, humans and horses being notable exceptions. This coupled with relative hairlessness would have given human hunters an additional advantage by keeping their bodies cool in the midday heat. Additionally, since most predatory animals are incapable of chasing down prey over long distances, persistence hunting could sometimes be reversed for hunting predators. Rather than fighting and killing them immediately, early humans may have hunted predatory animals by actually letting them chase after in a way that the predator would eventually weaken. Methods included rapidly switching running directions multiple times, confusing a predator as well as forcing them to pursue even further until they become too exhausted or weak to continue chasing the hunters trying to go after it in the first place, allowing the hunters to finally confront and kill the predator.^{[citation needed]} It is speculated that the first animals to be brought to extinction by human activity were most likely wiped out by a combination of climate change that occurred near the end of the last Ice Age combined with this method of hunting.^{[citation needed]}

Modern hunter-gatherers[]

Hunter-gatherers, including the San today, use persistence hunting to catch prey faster than themselves.

The persistence hunt is still practiced by hunter-gatherers in the central Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa. The procedure is to run down an antelope, such as a kudu, in the midday heat, for up to five hours and a distance of up to 35 km (22 mi) in temperatures of as much as 42 °C (108 °F). The hunter chases the kudu, which runs away out of sight. By tracking it down at a fast running pace the hunter catches up with it before it has had time to rest and cool down in the shade. The animal is repeatedly chased and tracked down until it is too exhausted to run. The hunter then kills it with a spear.^[10]

The Tarahumara of northwestern Mexico in the Copper Canyon area may also have practiced persistence hunting.^[11]

Persistence hunting has even been used against the fastest land animal, the cheetah. In November 2013, four Somali-Kenyan herdsmen from northeast Kenya successfully used persistence hunting in the heat of the day to capture cheetahs who had been killing their goats.^[12]

In the absence of hunting tools, people have occasionally reverted to persistence hunting, as with the Lykov family in Siberia.^[13]

Seasonal differences[]

In particular, the Xo and Gwi tribes maximize the efficiency of persistence hunting by targeting specific species during different seasons. In the rainy season, prime targets include steenbok, duiker, and gemsbok, as wet sand opens their hooves and stiffens their joints. Hunting in the early rainy season is particularly advantageous because dry leaves form "rocks" in the animals' stomachs, resulting in diarrhea. Stiff joints and suboptimal digestion make the prey weaker and more available targets. In contrast, in the dry season, hunters run down kudu, eland, and red hartebeest because these species tire more easily in the loose sand. Hunters say that the best time to practice persistence hunting is near the end of the dry season when animals are poorly nourished and therefore more easily run to exhaustion.^[14] By targeting the most vulnerable prey during each season, the hunters maximize the advantages of endurance running.

Conditions/parameters[]

1. Persistence hunting must be performed during the day when it is hot, so that the animal will overheat.
2. The hunters must have been able to track the animal, as they would have lost sight of it during the chase.
3. Such a long hunt requires high amounts of dietary sources of water, salt, and glycogen.
4. Although the success rate of recorded persistence hunts is very high (approximately 50%^[15]), unsuccessful hunts are very costly. Therefore, there would have had to be a social system in which individuals share food, so unsuccessful hunters could borrow food from others when necessary.

See also[]

• Bernd Heinrich's book Why We Run, Harper Collins, 2002, p. 128.
• Tracking (hunting)
• Scott Carrier's book Running After Antelope describes the author's attempt at a persistence hunt in Middle America

References[]

Notes[]

General[]

• Bramble, Dennis M.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (2004). "Endurance running and the evolution of Homo". Nature. 432 (7015): 345–52. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..345B. doi:10.1038/nature03052. PMID 15549097.
• Chen, Ingfei (May 2006). "Born to Run". Discover.
• Liebenberg, Louis (December 2006). "Persistence Hunting by Modern Hunter‐Gatherers". Current Anthropology. 47 (6): 1017–26. doi:10.1086/508695. JSTOR 508695.

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Persistence hunting.

• Attenborough, David (2002). "Program 10: Food For Thought" (PDF). Documentary The Life of Mammals. BBC. This documentary shows a bushman hunting a kudu antelope until it collapsed.
• "The Barefoot Professor". Nature Publishing Group. Daniel Lieberman talks about persistence hunting and barefoot running
• "Russian Family Cut Off for 40 Years from Human Contact". Smithsonian. Mentions that the family "lacking guns and even bows, they could hunt only by digging traps or pursuing prey across the mountains until the animals collapsed from exhaustion."