Phenprobamate (Gamaquil, Isotonil) is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant , with additional sedative and anticonvulsant effects.[1] barbiturates . Its mechanism of action is probably similar to meprobamate . Phenprobamate has been used in humans as an anxiolytic , and is still sometimes used in general anesthesia and for treating muscle cramps and spasticity. Phenprobamate is still used in some European countries, but it has generally been replaced by newer drugs. Phenprobamate is metabolized by oxidative degradation of the carbamate group and ortho-hydroxylation of the benzene ring, and is eliminated in urine by the kidneys.
Doses range from 400 to 800 mg, up to 3 times a day.
References [ ]
^ Demir B, Demir Y, Aksoy I, Kilic OH, Gucyetmez V, Savas HA (June 2015). "Phenprobamate dependence: a case report". Addictive Behaviors . 45 : 232–3. doi :10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.037 . PMID 25727392 .
Further reading [ ] External links [ ]
Skeletal muscle relaxants (M03 )
Peripherally acting antinicotinic ,NMJ block )
Non-depolarizing
Curare alkaloids 4° ammonium agents
ultra-short duration: Gantacurium intermediate duration: Atracurium Cisatracurium Fazadinium Rocuronium Vecuronium long duration: Doxacurium Dimethyltubocurarine Pancuronium Pipecuronium Laudexium Gallamine
Depolarizing
Choline derivatives :Suxamethonium (Succinylcholine) ACh release inhibitors
Centrally acting
Carbamic acid estersBenzodiazepines
Bromazepam Diazepam Clonazepam Flunitrazepam Lorazepam Nitrazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Nonbenzodiazepines Thienodiazepines Quinazolines Anticholinergics Antimuscarinics )
Cyclobenzaprine Orphenadrine Other
Directly acting
GABA A receptor positive modulatorsAlcohols
Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol (cloretone) Ethanol (alcohol) (alcoholic drink )Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert -Butanol (2M2P)tert -Pentanol (2M2B)Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Carbamates Flavonoids
Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Luteolin Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin )Wogonin Imidazoles Kava constituents
Desmethoxyyangonin Kavain Methysticin Yangonin Monoureides Neuroactive steroids Nonbenzodiazepines Phenols
Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Pyrazolopyridines Quinazolinones Volatiles /gases
Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others/unsorted
3-Hydroxybutanal Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin )Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide , potassium bromide , sodium bromide )Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole DEABL Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine , , dihydroergotamine , ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine) )Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid , mefenamic acid , niflumic acid , tolfenamic acid )Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol , honokiol , magnolol , obovatol )Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate (validolum) Monastrol Niacin Niacinamide Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine (ezogabine) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal) , tetronal , trional )
Terpenoids (e.g., borneol )Topiramate Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid , isovaleramide , valerenic acid , )Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: α-Pinene See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • GABA receptor modulators • GABA metabolism/transport modulators
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