Physokermes

Physokermes
	Bud scales
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hemiptera
Family:	Coccidae
Genus:	Physokermes; Targioni Tozzetti 1868
Species
	See text

Physokermes are a genus of scale insects known as the bud scales. They are restricted to the Holarctic,^[1] though Physokermes hemicryphus has been introduced to North America.^[2] Some species are plant pests.

Morphology[]

Pre-reproductive females are membranous and reddish-brown, once females begin to lay eggs they are globular or kidney-shaped become light to dark brown, and eventually heavily sclerotized.^[3] The adult females resemble the bud of their coniferous hosts,^[4] hence the name bud scale.

Physokermes are difficult to identify to species, as only pre-reproductive females can be used.^[4] Once females begin to oviposit, their bodies become distorted and it is not possible to detect the morphological features necessary to identify them to species.

Species[]

There are 13 described species in the genus Physokermes:^[3]

Cockerell 1895
Coleman 1903 - fir bud-scale
Borchsenius 1957
Kozár & Gounari 2012
(Dalman) 1826 - small spruce bud-scale
Danzig & Kozár 1973 - Hungarian spruce bud-scale
(Craw) 1894 - Montery pine scale
Siraiwa 1939
Tang 1984
(Schrank) 1801 - spruce bud-scale
Tang 1991
Danzig 1972
Coleman 1903 - Douglas fir scale

References[]

^ Kozar, F; Gounari, S; Hodgson, C; Fetyk, K; Goras, G. "A new species of Physokermes Targioni Tozzetti (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) from Greece". Zootaxa. 3566: 23=28. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
^ Furniss, Malcolm M (2004). "Observations on an introduced bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Homoptera: Coccidae), infesting Norway spruce in Idaho". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 34 (6): 1348–1352. doi:10.1139/x04-016. ISSN 0045-5067.
^ ^a ^b García Morales, M; Denno, BD; Miller, DR; Ben-Dov, Y; Hardy, NB (2016). "Physokermes entry on scalenet". ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
^ ^a ^b Malumphy, C (2009). "Confirmation of the presence of small spruce bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), in Britain". British Journal of Entomology and Natural History. 22 (1): 15–22.

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[key-1] Kozar, F; Gounari, S; Hodgson, C; Fetyk, K; Goras, G. "A new species of Physokermes Targioni Tozzetti (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) from Greece". Zootaxa. 3566: 23=28. Retrieved 26 June 2018.

[Furniss2004-2] Furniss, Malcolm M (2004). "Observations on an introduced bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Homoptera: Coccidae), infesting Norway spruce in Idaho". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 34 (6): 1348–1352. doi:10.1139/x04-016. ISSN 0045-5067.

[scalenet-3] García Morales, M; Denno, BD; Miller, DR; Ben-Dov, Y; Hardy, NB (2016). "Physokermes entry on scalenet". ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Retrieved 26 May 2018.

[Malumphy-4] Malumphy, C (2009). "Confirmation of the presence of small spruce bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), in Britain". British Journal of Entomology and Natural History. 22 (1): 15–22.

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