Pinus mugo

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For other uses, see Mountain pine (disambiguation).

Pinus mugo
Pinus mugo cone 01.jpg

Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
(unranked): Gymnosperms
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Subgenus: P. subg. Pinus
Section: P. sect. Pinus
Subsection: P. subsect. Pinus
Species:
P. mugo
Binomial name
Pinus mugo
Subspecies, cultivars, and forms[1]
List
  • P. mugo subsp. mugo Turra - Dwarf mountain pine
  • P. mugo subsp. rotunda Janch. & H. Neumayer
  • P. mugo subsp. uncinata (Ramond) Domin - Mountain pine
  • P. mugo nothosubsp. rotundata Janch. & H. Neumayer
  • P. mugo f. mughoides (Willk.)
  • P. mugo Compacta
  • P. mugo Frisia
  • P. mugo Gnom
  • P. mugo Hesse
  • P. mugo Kobold
  • P. mugo Kokarde
  • P. mugo Mops
  • P. mugo Pumilio
  • P. mugo Slavinii
  • P. mugo Variegata
  • P. mugo Virgata
Pinus mugo range.svg
Distribution map:
  Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata (syn. Pinus uncinata).
  Pinus mugo subsp. mugo and Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata.
Synonyms[2]
List
  • Pinus × obliqua var. centrapedunculata Woerl.
  • Pinus applanata (Booth ex Loudon) Willk.
  • Pinus digenea Wettst. nom. illeg.
  • Pinus echinata Carrière nom. inval.
  • Pinus fischeri Booth ex P.Laws. nom. illeg.
  • Pinus magellensis Schouw
  • Pinus montana Mill.
  • Pinus mugho Laichard. [Spelling variant]
  • Pinus mughus Scop.
  • Pinus obliqua var. centrapedunculata Woerl.
  • Pinus pumilio (Haenke in Jirazek et al) Franco
  • Pinus pumilio Haenke
  • Pinus rostrata K.Koch nom. inval.
  • Pinus rubriflora Loudon ex Gordon nom. inval.
  • Pinus sanguinea Lapeyr.
  • Pinus squamosa Bosc ex Loudon
  • Pinus sylvestris var. montana (Mill.) Aiton
  • Pinus sylvestris var. montana (Mill.) Dum. Cours.
  • Pinus sylvestris var. montana (Mill.) Wahlenb.
  • Pinus sylvestris var. palustris Hagenb.
  • Pinus sylvestris var. pumilio (Haenke) Gaudin
  • Pinus wettsteinii Fritsch

Pinus mugo, known as bog pine, creeping pine,[3] dwarf mountain pine,[4] mugo pine,[5] mountain pine, scrub mountain pine, or Swiss mountain pine,[6] is a species of conifer, native to high elevation habitats from southwestern to Central Europe and Southeast Europe.

Distribution[]

Pinus mugo is native to the subalpine zones of the Pyrenees, Alps, Erzgebirge, Carpathians, northern and central Apennines, and higher Balkan Peninsula mountains - Rila, Pirin, Korab, Accursed Mountains, etc. It is usually found from 1,000–2,200 m (3,281–7,218 ft), occasionally as low as 200 m (656 ft) in the north of the range in Germany and Poland, and as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft) in the south of the range in Bulgaria and the Pyrenees. Also in Kosovo it is found in the Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park.

In Scandinavia, Finland and the Baltic region, Pinus mugo was introduced in the late 1700s and 1800s where it was planted in coastal regions for sand dune stabilization, and later as ornamental plants around residences. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the species has naturalised and become invasive, displacing fragile dune and dune heath habitats. In Estonia and Lithuania pinus mugo only occasionally naturalises outside plantations, sometimes establishing in raised bogs.[7]

Subspecies[]

There are three subspecies:

  • Pinus mugo subsp. mugo — in the east and south of the range (southern & eastern Alps, Balkan Peninsula), a low, shrubby, often multi-stemmed plant to 3–6 m (10–20 ft) tall with symmetrical cones.
  • Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata — in the west and north of the range (from the Pyrenees northeast to Poland), a larger, usually single-stemmed tree to 20 m (66 ft) tall with asymmetrical cones (the scales are much thicker on one side of the cone than the other).
    Some botanists treat the western subspecies as a separate species, Pinus uncinata, others as only a variety, Pinus mugo var. rostrata. This subspecies in the Pyrenees marks the alpine tree line or timberline, the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing.
  • Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata — hybrid subspecies, of the two subspecies above that intergrade extensively in the western Alps and northern Carpathians.

Both subspecies have similar foliage, with dark green leaves ("needles") in pairs, 3–7 cm (1.2–2.8 in) long.

The cones are nut-brown, 2.5–5.5 cm (0.98–2.17 in) long: and in subsp. mugo are symmetrical, thin-scaled and matt textured; and in subsp. uncinata are asymmetrical with thick scales on the upper side of the cone, thin on the lower side, and glossy textured.

An old name for the species Pinus montana is still occasionally seen, and a typographical error "mugho" (first made in a prominent 18th century encyclopedia) is still repeated surprisingly often.

  • Pinus mugo subsp. mugo, Romania

  • Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata

  • Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata, Swiss National Park

  • On Jakupica mountain, Republic of Macedonia

Uses[]

Cultivation[]

Pinus mugo is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use as a small tree or shrub, planted in gardens and in larger pots and planters. It is also used in Japanese garden style landscapes, and for larger bonsai specimens. In Kosovo, its trunk is used as construction material for the vernacular architecture in the mountains called "Bosonica".

Cultivars[]

Numerous cultivars have been selected. The following have been given the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit:[8]

Cultivars with seasonal changes in foliage color include Pinus mugo 'Wintergold' and Pinus mugo 'Ophir'.

Culinary use[]

A recent trend is the increase in use of the mugo pine in cooking. Buds and young cones are harvested from the wild in the spring and left to dry in the sun over the summer and into the fall. The cones and buds gradually drip syrup, which is then boiled down to a concentrate and combined with sugar to make pine syrup.[13][14] The syrup is usually sold as "pinecone syrup"[15] or "pine cone syrup".[16]

Invasive species[]

Pinus mugo is classed as a wilding conifer, and spreads as an invasive species in the high country of New Zealand,[citation needed] coastal Denmark, and other areas of Scandinavia.

Gallery[]

  • Pinus mugo (subsp. mugo) habitat. Rila National Park in Bulgaria.

  • Female cones and young shoots

  • Male pollen producing strobili

  • Young cones

References[]

  1. ^ "Pinus mugo (Mountain Pine)". BioLib. BioLib. 1999–2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  2. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
  3. ^ Andersson, F. (2005). Coniferous Forests. Elsevier. ISBN 9780444816276.
  4. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  5. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Pinus mugo". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  6. ^ "Pinus mugo". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  7. ^ Henrik Jørgensen (25 October 2010). "NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Pinus mugo" (PDF). - Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  8. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  9. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Humpy'". Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  10. ^ "Pinus mugo 'Kissen'". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  11. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Mops'". Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  12. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Pinus mugo 'Ophir'". Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  13. ^ "Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup". Zingerman's Mail Order. Zingerman's Mail Order LLC. 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  14. ^ "Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup". Cube Marketplace. Divine Pasta Company. 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  15. ^ "Piccolo Restaurant - Minneapolis: Menu". Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  16. ^ Colicchio, Tom (3 March 2009). "Tom Tuesday Dinner March 3, 2009". Tom Tuesday Dinner. Archived from the original (PNG) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2010.

Sources[]

External links[]

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