Policraticus

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The beginning of the preface to Denis Foulechat’s French translation of John of Salisbury's Policraticus. 14th century manuscript.

Policraticus is a book by John of Salisbury, written around 1159. Sometimes called the first complete medieval work of political theory,[1] it belongs, at least in part, to the genre of advice literature addressed to rulers known as "mirrors for princes", but also breaks from that genre by offering advice to courtiers and bureaucrats.[2] Though it takes up a wide variety of ethical questions, it is most famous for attempting to define the responsibilities of kings and their relationship to their subjects.

Title[]

The title Policraticus, like those of other works by John of Salisbury, is a pseudo-Greek neologism, sometimes rendered as "The Statesman's Book". Its original subtitle was De nugis curialium et uestigiis philosophorum, "On the Frivolities of Courtiers and the Footprints of Philosophers".[3]

Arguments[]

Monarchy[]

John drew his arguments primarily from the Bible and from Roman law, especially Justinian's Code and Novels.[4] He depicted "the prince" as a "likeness on earth of the divine majesty", "feared by each of those over whom he is set as an object of fear". The prince's power, like all earthly authority, was "from God", requiring the obedience of the prince's subjects.[5] Purportedly following a manual by Plutarch titled the  [it]—likely invented by John himself—he argued that the prince had four principal responsibilities: to revere God, adore his subjects, exert self-discipline and instruct his ministers.[6][7] Since the ruler was the image of God, John advocated strict punishments for lèse-majesté, but he qualified this by specifying that the temporal power of the ruler was delegated by the spiritual power of the church,[8] and argued that a prince should err on the side of mercy and compassion when enforcing the law.[9]

Tyrannicide[]

The murder of Julius Caesar - an incident discussed in Polycraticus. From a 1474 incunable.

John argued that princes must be subordinate to the law, and distinguished the prince from the tyrant on the basis that the prince "obeys the law and rules the people by its dictates, accounting himself as but their servant". The "limbs" of the body politic could be in subjection to the "head", the monarch, "always and only on condition that religion is kept inviolate".[10]

The tyrant's resistance of divine law, on the other hand, could merit their death. John's examples of tyrants included the scriptural figures of Sisera and Holofernes, as well as the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate, who attempted to restore Rome's pagan religion. In cases such as these, John argued that killing a ruler, when all other resources were exhausted, was not only justifiable but necessary.[11] Where the prince was an image of God, the tyrant was an "image of depravity", "for the most part even to be killed". The "tree" of tyranny "is to be cut down by an axe anywhere it grows".[12] This was the first systematic defense of tyrannicide to be written after antiquity.[13]

References[]

  1. ^ Camille, Michael (1994). "The image and the self: unwriting late medieval bodies". In Kay, Sarah; Rubin, Miri (eds.). Framing Medieval Bodies. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-719-03615-6.
  2. ^ Nederman, Cary J. (1997). Medieval Aristotelianism and Its Limits: Classical Traditions in Moral and Political Philosophy, 12th–15th Centuries. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-860-78622-1.
  3. ^ Pepin, Ronald E. (2015). "John of Salisbury as a Writer". In Grellard, Christophe; Lachaud, Frédérique (eds.). A Companion to John of Salisbury. Leiden: Brill. p. 150. ISBN 978-9-004-26510-3.
  4. ^ Sassier, Yves (2015). "John of Salisbury and the Law". In Grellard, Christophe; Lachaud, Frédérique (eds.). A Companion to John of Salisbury. Leiden: Brill. pp. 250–51. ISBN 978-9-004-26510-3.
  5. ^ Jones, Terry (2008). "Was Richard II a Tyrant? Richard's Use of the Books of Rules for Princes". In Saul, Nigel (ed.). Fourteenth Century England. 5. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-843-83387-1.
  6. ^ Pepin 2015, p. 176.
  7. ^ Bratu, Cristian (2010). "Mirrors for Princes: Western". Handbook of Medieval Studies: Terms – Methods – Trends. 3. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 1935. ISBN 978-3-110-18409-9.
  8. ^ Petit-Dutaillis, C. (1996). The Feudal Monarchy in France and England: From the Xth to the XIIIth Century. Translated by Hunt, E. D. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-136-20350-3.
  9. ^ Nederman 1997, p. 135.
  10. ^ Evans, G. R. (2012). The Roots of the Reformation: Tradition, Emergence and Rupture (2nd ed.). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-830-83996-4.
  11. ^ Mroz, Mary Bonaventure (1971). Divine Vengeance: A Study in the Philosophical Backgrounds of the Revenge Motif as It Appears in Shakespeare's Chronicle History Plays (PhD). Catholic University of America. pp. 86–87.
  12. ^ John of Salisbury (1990). Policraticus: Of the Frivolities of Courtiers and the Footprints of Philosophers. Translated by Nederman, Cary J. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-521-36701-1.
  13. ^ Falcón y Tella, María José (2004). Civil Disobedience. Leiden: Brill. p. 110. ISBN 978-9-004-14121-6.

Further reading[]

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