Pro-form
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In linguistics, a pro-form is a type of function word or expression that stands in for (expresses the same content as) another word, phrase, clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context.[1] They are used either to avoid repetitive expressions or in quantification (limiting the variables of a proposition).
Pro-forms are divided into several categories, according to which part of speech they substitute:
- A pronoun substitutes a noun or a noun phrase, with or without a determiner: it, this.
- A pro-adjective substitutes an adjective or a phrase that functions as an adjective: so as in "It is less so than we had expected."
- A pro-adverb substitutes an adverb or a phrase that functions as an adverb: how or this way.
- A pro-verb substitutes a verb or a verb phrase: do, as in: "I will go to the party if you do".
- a prop-word: one, as in "the blue one"
- A pro-sentence substitutes an entire sentence or subsentence: Yes, or that as in "That is true".[2]
An interrogative pro-form is a pro-form that denotes the (unknown) item in question and may itself fall into any of the above categories.
The rules governing allowable syntactic relations between certain pro-forms (notably personal and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns) and their antecedents have been studied in what is called binding theory.
Table of correlatives[]
L. L. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, called a table of systematic interrogative, demonstrative, and quantifier pro-forms and determiners in a language a table of correlatives, after the relative and demonstrative pro-forms, which function together as correlatives. The table of correlatives for English follows.
Some languages may have more categories. See demonstrative.
Note that some categories are regular and some are not. They may be regular or irregular also depending on languages. The following chart shows comparison between English, French (irregular) and Japanese (regular):
interrogative | quantifier | ||
---|---|---|---|
existential | negative | ||
human | who qui dare |
someone quelqu'un dareka |
no one (neg. +) personne daremo + neg. |
nonhuman | what que nani |
something quelque chose nanika |
nothing rien nanimo + neg. |
location | where où doko |
somewhere quelque part dokoka |
nowhere nulle part dokomo + neg. |
(Note that "daremo", "nanimo" and "dokomo" are universal quantifiers with positive verbs.)
Some languages do not distinguish interrogative and indefinite pro-forms. In Mandarin, "Shéi yǒu wèntí?" means either "Who has a question?" or "Does anyone have a question?", depending on context.
See also[]
- Anaphora (linguistics) – Use of an expression whose interpretation depends on context
- Deixis – Words requiring context to understand their meaning
- Pro-drop language – Language in which certain pronouns may sometimes be omitted
- Referent – Person or thing to which a linguistic expression or other symbol refers
References[]
External links[]
The dictionary definition of Category:English pro-forms at Wiktionary
- SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms: Pro-Adverb
- Parts of speech