Protista taxonomy

A protist (/ˈproʊtɪst/) is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. The protists do not form a natural group, or clade, since they exclude certain eukaryotes with whom they share a common ancestor;^[a] but, like algae or invertebrates, the grouping is used for convenience. In some systems of biological classification, such as the popular five-kingdom scheme proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969, the protists make up a kingdom called Protista, composed of "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissues".^[1]^[2]^[b]

The following groups contain protists. The clade Opisthokonta also contains the animals and the fungi, and the kingdom Archaeplastida also contains algae and plants.

Unikonta (Sarcomastigota) Cavalier-Smith, 1987[]

Phylum Amoebozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998[]

Subphylum Conosa
- Infraphylum Cavalier-Smith, 1983
  - Class
    - Order Mastigamoebida
      - Family Mastigamoebidae
      - Family
    - Order Pelobiontida
      - Family Pelomyxidae Greef, 1874
      - Family Entamoebidae
- Infraphylum Mycetozoa
  - Class
    - Order Protostelida
      - Family Protosteliidae
      - Family
    - Order Dictyosteliida
      - Family
      - Family Dictyosteliidae
  - Class Myxogastrea
    - Order
      - Family
    - Order Echinosteliida
      - Family Echinosteliidae
      - Family Clastodermidae
    - Order Liceida
      - Family
      - Family Liceidae
      - Family Enteridiidae
    - Order Trichiida
      - Family Dianemidae
      - Family Trichiidae
    - Order Stemonitida
      - Family Stemonitidae
    - Order Physarida
      - Family Elaeomyxidae
      - Family Physaridae
      - Family Didymiidae
Subphylum Lobosa (Lobosea)
- Class Discosea
  - Order Dermamoebida
    - Family Thecamoebidae
  - Order Glycostylida
    - Family Vannellidae
    - Family
    - Family Vexilliferidae
    - Family Paramoebidae
  - Order Himatismenida
    - Family Cochliopodiidae
- Class Tubulinea
  - Order Arcellinida
    - Suborder Arcellina
      - Family Arcellidae
      - Family Microchlamyiidae
      - Family Microcoryciidae
    - Suborder Difflugiina
      - Family Centropyxidae
      - Family Difflugiidae
      - Family Distomatopyxidae
      - Family Heleoperidae
      - Family Hyalospheniidae
      - Family Lamtopyxidae
      - Family Lesquereusiidae
      - Family Nebelidae
      - Family Paraquadrulidae
      - Family Plagiopyxidae
      - Family Trigonopyxidae
    - Suborder Phryganellina
      - Family Cryptodifflugiidae
      - Family Phryganellidae
  - Order Leptomyxida
    - Family Flabellulidae
    - Family Leptomyxidae
  - Order Tubulinida
    - Family Amoebidae
    - Family Hartmannellidae
Subphylum Protamoebae
- Class Breviatea
  - Order
- Class Variosea
  - Order Centramoebida
    - Family Acanthamoebidae
    - Family Balamuthiidae
  - Order Phalansteriida
    - Family
  - Order Varipodida
    - Family Gephyramoebidae
    - Family

Clade Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1981[]

Holozoa

Class Ichthyosporea
- Order Dermocystida
  - Family
- Order Ichthyophonida
  - Family Ichthyophonida
Filozoa
- Class Filasterea
  - Order Ministeriida
    - Family Capsasporidae
    - Family Ministeriidae
- Apoikozoa
  - Class Choanoflagellatea
    - Order Choanoflagellida
      - Family Codonosigidae
      - Family Salpingoecidae
    - Order Acanthoecida
      - Family Acanthoecidae
  - Kingdom Animalia

Holomycota

Class
- Order Fonticulida
  - Family Fonticulidae
- Order Nucleariida
  - Family Nucleariidae
  - Family
Zoosporia
- Opisthosporidia
- Kingdom Fungi

Bikonta (Biciliata) Cavalier-Smith, 2002[]

Kingdom Archaeplastida (Primoplantae) Sina Adl, 2005[]

Division Glaucophyta Heinrich L. Skuja, 1954

Class Glaucophyceae Bohlin, 1901
- Order Glaucocystales Bessey, 1907
  - Family Glaucocystaceae G.S. West, 1904

Division Rhodophyta Wettstein, 1922

Subdivision Cyanidiophytina
- Class Cyanidiophyceae
  - Order Cyanidiales
    - Family Cyanidiaceae Geitler, 1935
    - Family Galdieriaceae
Subdivision Eurhodophytina
- Class Bangiophyceae Wettst., 1901
  - Order Bangiales
    - Family Bangiaceae
    - Family
  - Order Goniotrichales Skuja, 1939
    - Family Goniotrichaceae
- Class Florideophyceae Cronquist, 1960
  - Subclass Hildenbrandiophycidae
    - Order Hildenbrandiales Pueschel & Cole, 1982
      - Family Hildenbrandiaceae Rabenhorst, 1868
  - Subclass Nemaliophycidae
    - Order Acrochaetiales
      - Family
    - Order Batrachospermales
      - Family
    - Order Balliales
      - Family
    - Order Balbianiales Sheath & K.M. Müller, 1999
      - Family Balbianiaceae
    - Order Corallinales
      - Family Corallinaceae Lamouroux, 1812
        Subfamily
        
        Subfamily Corallinoideae
        
        Subfamily Lithophylloideae
        
        Subfamily Mastophoroideae
        
        Subfamily Metagoniolithoideae
    - Order
      - Family
    - Order Nemaliales
      - Family Galaxauraceae
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order Palmariales
      - Family Palmariaceae
    - Order Rhodogorgonales
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
  - Subclass
    - Order Ahnfeltiales
      - Family Ahnfeltiaceae
    - Order
      - Family
  - Subclass Rhodymeniophycidae
    - Order Bonnemaisoniales
      - Family Bonnemaisoniaceae
    - Order Gigartinales F. Schmitz, 1892
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Cruoriaceae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Dumontiaceae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Gigartinaceae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Kallymeniaceae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Phyllophoraceae
      - Family Polyidaceae
      - Family Rhizophyllidaceae
      - Family Rissoellaceae
      - Family
      - Family Solieriaceae
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order Gelidiales
      - Family Gelidiaceae
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order Gracilariales
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
    - Order F. Schmitz & Engl, 1892
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order Nemastomatales Kylin, 1925
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order Ceramiales
      - Family
      - Family Delesseriaceae
Subdivision
- Class Compsopogonophyceae
  - Order Compsopogonales Skuja, 1939
    - Family F. Schmitz, 1896
  - Order Rhodochaetales
    - Family
  - Order Erythropeltidales Garbary, G.I. Hansen & Scagel, 1980
    - Family Erythropeltidaceae
    - Family Erythrotrichiaceae G.M. Smith, 1933
- Class Porphyridiophyceae Kylin, 1937
  - Order Porphyridiales Kylin, 1937
    - Family Skuja, 1939
    - Family Kylin, 1937
- Class Rhodellophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1998
  - Order
    - Family
  - Order
    - Family Skuja, 1954
  - Order
    - Family
- Class Stylonematophyceae
  - Order Zuccarello & J.A. West, 2008
    - Family Zuccarello & J.A. West, 2008
  - Order Stylonematales
    - Family Stylonemataceae
Subdivision
- Class Compsopogonophyceae G.W. Saunders & Hommersand, 2004
  - Order Compsopogonales Skuja, 1939
    - Family
    - Family
  - Order Erythropeltidales Garbary, 1980
    - Family Erythrotrichiaceae
  - Order Rhodochaetales Bessey, 1907
    - Family

Subkingdom Plant

Kingdom Chromista Cavalier-Smith, 1981[]

Subkingdom SAR Cavalier-Smith, 2010[]

Infrakingdom Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002[]

Phylum Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998[]

Subphylum Filosa
- Superclass Reticulofilosa
  - Class Chlorarachnea
    - Order
      - Family
  - Class Spongomonadea
    - Order
      - Family
  - Class Proteomyxidea
    - Order Pseudosporida
      - Family
    - Order Leucodictyida
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order Heliomonadida
      - Family Dimorphidae
    - Order Reticulosida
      - Family Gymnophryidae
- Superclass Monadofilosa
  - Class Sarcomonadea
    - Order
      - Family
    - Order Cercomonadida
      - Family Cercomonadidae
      - Family Heteromitidae
  - Class Thecofilosea
    - Order Tectofilosida
      - Family Pseudodifflugiidae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
  - Class Imbricatea
    - Order Thaumatomonadida
      - Family Thaumatomastigidae
    - Order Euglyphida
      - Family Cyphoderiidae
      - Family Euglyphidae
      - Family Paulinellidae
      - Family Trinematidae
Subphylum Endomyxa
- Class Phytomyxea
  - Order Plasmodiophorida
    - Family
- Class Ascetosporea
  - Order Haplosporida
    - Family
  - Order Paramyxida
    - Family

Phylum Retaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002[]

Subphylum Foraminifera (Granuloreticulosa) d'Orbigny, 1826
- Class
  - Family
- Class
  - Order †Fusulinida
    - Superfamily † Cushman, 1928
      - Family † Cushman, 1928
      - Family † Reytlinger, 1956
    - Superfamily † Fursenko, 1959
      - Family † Fursenko, 1959
    - Superfamily † Cummings, 1955
      - Family † Cummings, 1955
      - Family † Conil & Lys, 1970
      - Family † Conil & Longerstaey, 1980
    - Superfamily †Endothyracea
      - Family †
    - Superfamily †Fusulinacea Leoblich & Tappan, 1988
      - Family †
      - Family †
      - Family ��Fusulinidae
      - Family †Schwagerinidae
      - Family †
      - Family †Verbeekinidae
      - Family †
    - Superfamily †Geinitzinacea
      - Family †Geinitzinidae
      - Family †Pachyphloiidae
    - Superfamily †Moravamminacea Loeblich & Tappan, 1988
      - Family †
      - Family †
      - Family †
    - Superfamily †Nodosinellacea Loeblich & Tappan, 1988
      - Family †
      - Family †
    - Superfamily † Galloway, 1933
      - Family † Chernysheva, 1941
      - Family † Galloway, 1933
      - Family † Pokorný, 1956
    - Superfamily † E.V. Bykova, 1955
      - Family † Malakhova, 1956
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1986
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1986
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1986
      - Family † Chuvashov & Yuferev, 1984
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1986
      - Family † E.V. Bykova, 1955
      - Family † A.D. Miklukho-Maklay, 1958
      - Family † Chuvashov, Yuferev & Zadorozhnyy, 1984
      - Family † A.D. Miklukho-Maklay, 1963
    - Superfamily † Elias, 1950
      - Family † Elias, 1950
    - Superfamily † Galloway, 1933
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
      - Family † Mamet, 1974
      - Family † Galloway, 1933
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
    - Superfamily † Dain, 1953
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
      - Family † Dain, 1953
  - Order †Involutinida
    - Family †Hirsutospirellidae
    - Family †Involutinidae
    - Family †Planispirillinidae
    - Family †Ventrolaminidae
  - Order Allogromiida
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
  - Order Carterinida
    - Family Carterinidae
  - Order Globigerinida Delage & Hérouard, 1896
    - Superfamily † Brotzen, 1942
      - Family † Brotzen, 1942
      - Family † Subbotina, 1959
    - Superfamily †Hantkeninacea Cushman, 1927
      - Family †Cassigerinellidae Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan, 1957
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
      - Family † Cushman, 1927
    - Superfamily † Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan, 1957
      - Family † Longoria, 1974
      - Family † Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan, 1957
      - Family † Pokorný, 1958
    - Superfamily † Sigal, 1958
      - Family † Longoria, 1974
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
      - Family †Hedbergellidae Loeblich & Tappan, 1961
      - Family † Sigal, 1958
    - Superfamily Globigerinacea Carpenter, Parker & Jones, 1862
      - Family Carpenter, Parker & Jones, 1862
      - Family Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan, 1957
    - Superfamily Globorotaliacea Cushman, 1927
      - Family † Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan, 1957
      - Family † Blow, 1979
      - Family †Truncorotaloididae Loeblich & Tappan, 1961
      - Family Cushman, 1927
      - Family Cushman, 1927
      - Family Cushman, 1927
    - Superfamily Heterohelicacea Cushman, 1927
      - Family †Heterohelicidae Cushman, 1927
      - Family Reiss, 1963
      - Family Montanaro Gallitelli, 1957
  - Order Lagenida
    - Superfamily Nodosariacea
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Superfamily Robuloidacea
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
  - Order Lituolida
    - Superfamily
      - Family
    - Superfamily
      - Family †
      - Family †Cuneolinidae
      - Family
      - Family
    - Superfamily
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Superfamily
      - Family
      - Family
    - Superfamily
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Superfamily
      - Family
      - Family
    - Superfamily
      - Family
      - Family
    - Superfamily
      - Family Cyclamminidae
    - Superfamily
      - Family
    - Superfamily
      - Family Rzehakinidae
      - Family
    - Superfamily
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Superfamily
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
  - Order Miliolida
    - Superfamily Cornuspiracea Schultze, 1854
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1986
      - Family Schultze, 1854
      - Family Wiesner, 1931
      - Family Fischerinidae Millett, 1898
      - Family Hemigordiopsidae A. Nikitina, 1969
      - Family Jones, 1875
      - Family Wiesner, 1920
    - Superfamily Miliolacea
      - Family Alveolinidae
      - Family Fischerinidae
      - Family Hemigordiopsidae
      - Family Miliolidae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Superfamily Soritacea Ehrenberg, 1839
      - Family
      - Family Alveolinidae
      - Family
      - Family Peneroplidae
    - Superfamily Reuss & Fritsch, 1861
      - Family Reuss & Fritsch, 1861
  - Order Robertinida Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
    - Superfamily † Thalmann, 1952
      - Family † Thalmann, 1952
    - Superfamily † Brotzen, 1963
      - Family † Brotzen, 1964
      - Family † Brotzen, 1963
      - Family † Fuchs, 1970
    - Superfamily Cushman, 1927
      - Family Cushman, 1927
      - Family Wedekind, 1937
    - Superfamily Reuss, 1850
      - Family Reuss, 1850
  - Order Rotaliida Delage & Hérouard, 1896
    - Superfamily † Cushman, 1927
      - Family † Cushman, 1927
      - Family † Sigal, 1952
    - Superfamily † Schwager, 1876
      - Family † Vaughan, 1933
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
      - Family † Schwager, 1876
    - Superfamily Acervulinacea Schultze, 1854
      - Family Schultze, 1854
      - Family Cushman, 1927
    - Superfamily Loeblich & Tappan, 1964
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1965
    - Superfamily Asterigerinacea d'Orbigny, 1839
      - Family † Reiss, 1963
      - Family † Scheffen, 1932
      - Family S.N. Singh & Kalia, 1972
      - Family Cushman, 1927
      - Family Reiss, 1963
      - Family d'Orbigny, 1839
      - Family Hofker, 1954
    - Superfamily Glaessner, 1937
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
      - Family Glaessner, 1937
    - Superfamily Cushman, 1927
      - Family Cushman, 1927
    - Superfamily Jones, 1875
      - Family Hofker, 1951
      - Family Jones, 1875
      - Family Saidova, 1981
      - Family Eimer & Fickert, 1899
      - Family Cushman, 1933
      - Family Saidova, 1981
      - Family Saidova, 1981
      - Family Haeckel, 1894
    - Superfamily Cassidulinacea d'Orbigny, 1839
      - Family † d'Orbigny, 1839
      - Family Saidova, 1981
    - Superfamily Chilostomellacea Brady, 1881
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
      - Family Hofker, 1951
      - Family Brady, 1881
      - Family Gavelinellidae Hofker, 1956
      - Family González-Donoso, 1969
      - Family Saidova, 1981
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1964
      - Family Saidova, 1981
      - Family Saidova, 1981
    - Superfamily Parr, 1950
      - Family † Lipps & K.L. Lipps, 1967
      - Family Parr, 1950
      - Family Parr, 1950
    - Superfamily Discorbacea Ehrenberg, 1838
      - Family † Reiss, 1963
      - Family Cushman, 1927
      - Family Saidova, 1981
      - Family Hofker, 1951
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1988
      - Family Saidova, 1981
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1967
      - Family Heron-Allen & Earland, 1928
      - Family G.K. Kasimova, Poroshina & Geodakchan, 1980
      - Family Reiss, 1963
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1964
      - Family Cushman, 1927
      - Family Seiglie, 1964
    - Superfamily Sigal, 1952
      - Family Hofker, 1956
      - Family Saidova, 1981
      - Family Voloshinova, 1952
    - Superfamily Loeblich & Tappan, 1961
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1962
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
    - Superfamily Loeblich & Tappan, 1964
      - Family Seiglie, 1970
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1964
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1986
    - Superfamily Loeblich & Tappan, 1962
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1962
      - Family Hayward, 1980
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1985
    - Superfamily Nonionacea Schultze, 1854
      - Family Myatlyuk, 1959
      - Family Nonionidae Schultze, 1854
      - Family Saidova, 1981
    - Superfamily de Blainville, 1827
      - Family † Brönnimann, 1951
      - Family † Galloway, 1928
      - Family † Hanzawa, 1937
      - Family de Blainville, 1827
    - Superfamily Planorbulinacea Schwager, 1877
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1988
      - Family Cushman, 1927
      - Family Cymbaloporidae Cushman, 1927
      - Family Schwager, 1877
      - Family Bermúdez, 1952
      - Family Chapman & Crespin, 1930
    - Superfamily Reuss, 1860
      - Family Reuss, 1860
    - Superfamily Rotaliacea Ehrenberg, 1839
      - Family † Thalmann, 1938
      - Family † Vaughan, 1928
      - Family † M.G. Rutten, 1935
      - Family Schwager, 1876
      - Family Galloway, 1933
      - Family Ehrenberg, 1839
    - Superfamily Cushman, 1927
      - Family Cushman, 1927
    - Superfamily Finlay, 1947
      - Family Finlay, 1947
    - Superfamily Cushman, 1927
      - Family † Cushman, 1927
      - Family Reiss, 1963
      - Family Saidova, 1981
  - Order Silicoloculinida
    - Family Silicoloculinidae
  - Order Spirillinida
    - Family
    - Family
  - Order Textulariida Delage & Herouard, 1896
    - Superfamily † Martin, 1890
      - Family † Martin, 1890
    - Superfamily † Loeblich & Tappan, 1961
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1986
    - Superfamily † Gusiæ, 1977
      - Family † Gusiæ, 1977
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
      - Family † Gusiæ & Veliæ, 1978
    - Superfamily † Loeblich & Tappan, 1964
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1964
      - Family † Hottinger & Caus, 1982
    - Superfamily Schwager, 1877
      - Family † Schwager, 1877
      - Family † Moullade, 1965
      - Family †Cuneolinidae Saidova, 1981
      - Family † Bröniman, Zaninetti & Whittaker, 1983
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1964
      - Family † Smout & Smugden, 1962
      - Family Cushman, 1927
      - Family Grönhagen & Luterbacher, 1966
    - Superfamily Thalmann, 1951
      - Family Thalmann, 1951
      - Family Saidova, 1981
    - Superfamily Eimer & Fickert, 1899
      - Family † Smout, 1956
      - Family † Eimer & Fickert, 1899
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1987
      - Family † Hamaoui & Saint-Marc, 1970
      - Family Brnimann & Zaninetti, 1984
      - Family Saidova, 1981
      - Family Cushman, 1927
    - Superfamily Hormosinacea Haeckel, 1894
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1964
      - Family Vyalov, 1966
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
      - Family Haeckel, 1894
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1985
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
    - Superfamily de Blainville, 1827
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1985
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1985
      - Family † Vyalov, 1968
      - Family Mikhalevich, 1980
      - Family Maync, 1952
      - Family de Blainville, 1827
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
      - Family Rhumbler, 1913
      - Family Cushman, 1933
    - Superfamily Brady, 1884
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1985
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1985
      - Family † Brady, 1884
      - Family † Voloshinova, 1958
      - Family †Spirocyclinidae Munier-Chalmas, 1887
      - Family Cyclamminidae Marie, 1941
    - Superfamily Cushman, 1933
      - Family Rzehakinidae Cushman, 1933
    - Superfamily Cushman, 1927
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1964
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1982
      - Family Chapman & Parr, 1936
      - Family Wiesner, 1931
      - Family Cushman, 1927
    - Superfamily Textulariacea Ehrenberg, 1838
      - Family † Neagu, 1968
      - Family † Loeblich & Tappan, 1986
      - Family Cushman, 1937
      - Family Saidova, 1981
      - Family Pseudogaudryinidae Loeblich & Tappan, 1985
      - Family Ehrenberg, 1838
      - Family Valvulinidae Berthelin, 1880
    - Superfamily Schwager, 1877
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1964
      - Family Schwager, 1877
    - Superfamily Cushman, 1911
      - Family † Brönnimann, Zaninetti & Whittaker, 1983
      - Family † Saidova, 1981
      - Family † Plotnikova, 1979
      - Family Loeblich & Tappan, 1985
      - Family Cushman, 1911
- Class
  - Family
- Class Xenophyophorea
  - Order
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
  - Order
    - Family
    - Family
Subphylum Radiozoa
- Superclass
  - Class Acantharea Haeckel, 1881
    - Order Arthracanthida
      - Suborder
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
      - Suborder
        Family Acanthometridae
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
- Superclass Radiolaria Müller, 1858
  - Class Polycystinea
    - Order Deflandre, 1953
      - Family Deflandre, 1953 sensu Holdsworth (1977)
      - Family Holdsworth, 1969
      - Family
      - Family Ormiston & Babcock, 1979
      - Family
    - Order Dumitrica, Caridroit & De Wever, 2000
      - Family Won & Below, 1999
      - Superfamily
        Family Kozur, Mostler & Repetski, 1996
      - Superfamily Nazarov & Ormiston, 1984
        Family
        
        Family
    - Order Collodaria Haeckel 1881
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order Kozur & Mostler, 1982
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order Caridroit, 1999
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order Nassellaria
      - Superfamily
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
      - Superfamily
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
      - Superfamily
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
      - Superfamily
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
    - Order Spumellaria Ehrenberg, 1875
      - Family Actinommidae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Catenopylidae
      - Family Cavaspongiidae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Emiluviidae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Gomberellidae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Patruliidae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Relindellidae
      - Family Spongodiscidae
      - Family
      - Family Stylosphaeridae
      - Family
      - Family Tholoniidae
      - Family Tritrabidae
      - Family
      - Family

Clade Halvaria[]

Infrakingdom Heterokontophyta (Heterokonta) Cavalier-Smith, 1986[]

Class Actinochrysophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1995
- Subclass Mikrjukov, 2001
  - Superorder Mikrjukov, 2001
    - Order Actinophryida Hartmann, 1913
      - Family Actinophryidae
    - Order Febvre-Chevalier, 1985
      - Family Poche, 1913
    - Order Pedinellales Zimmermann, Moestrup & Hällfors, 1984
      - Family Pascher, 1911
      - Family Pascher, 1910
  - Superorder O'Kelly & Wujek, 1995
    - Order Rhizochromulinales O'Kelly & Wujek, 1994
      - Family O'Kelly & Wujek, 1994
- Subclass Rothmaler, 1951
  - Order Dictyochales Haeckel, 1894
    - Family Lemmermann, 1901
Class Bacillariophyceae (Bacillariophyta) Haeckel 1878
- Subclass
  - Order Eunotiales
    - Family Eunotiaceae
    - Family
Class (Bicosoecea)
- Order Cavalier-Smith, 1997
- Order Grassé & Deflandre, 1952
Class Bolidophyceae
- Order
  - Family
Class Chrysophyceae (Chrysophyta)
- Order Chromulinales
  - Family
Class Eustigmatophyceae (Eustigmatophyta) Hibberd & Leedale, 1971
- Order Eustigmatales Hibberd, 1981
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
Class Hyphochytridiomycetes
- Order Hyphochytriales
  - Family Hyphochytriaceae
  - Family
Class Labyrinthulomycetes Dick, 2001
- Order
- Order
Class Oomycetes (Oomycota) G. Winter, 1880
- Order Albuginales
  - Family Albuginaceae
- Order
  - Family
- Order Leptomitales
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
- Order
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
- Order
  - Family
- Order Peronosporales
  - Family Peronosporaceae
- Order Pythiales
  - Family Pythiaceae
  - Family
- Order
  - Family
- Order
  - Family
- Order Saprolegniales
  - Family Saprolegniaceae
Class Opalinea
- Order Opalinida
  - Family Opalinidae Claus, 1874
Class Pelagophyceae Andersen & Saunders, 1993
- Order Andersen & Saunders, 1993
  - Family
- Order Gayral & Billard, 1977
  - Family
Class Phaeophyceae (Phaeophyta) Kjellman, 1891
- Order Ascoseirales Petrov, 1964
  - Family Ascoseiraceae
- Order Cutleriales Bessey, 1907
  - Family Cutleriaceae
- Order Desmarestiales Setchell & Gardner, 1925
  - Family
  - Family Desmarestiaceae
- Order Dictyotales Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828
  - Family Dictyotaceae
  - Family
- Order Discosporangiales
  - Family Choristocarpaceae
- Order Ectocarpales Bessey, 1907
  - Family Acinetosporaceae
  - Family
  - Family Chordariaceae
  - Family
  - Family Ectocarpaceae
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
- Order Fucales Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827
  - Family
  - Family Durvillaeaceae
  - Family Fucaceae
  - Family Himanthaliaceae
  - Family Hormosiraceae
  - Family Notheiaceae
  - Family Sargassaceae
  - Family Seirococcaceae
- Order Ishigeales G.Y. Cho & Boo, 2004
  - Family Ishigeaceae
- Order Laminariales Migula, 1909
  - Family
  - Family Alariaceae
  - Family Chordaceae
  - Family
  - Family Laminariaceae
  - Family Lessoniaceae
  - Family Pseudochordaceae
- Order Nemodermatales M. Parente, R.L. Fletcher, F. Rousseau & N. Phillips, 2008
  - Family Nemodermataceae
- Order Onslowiales Draisma & Prud'homme van Reine, 2008
  - Family Onslowiaceae
- Order Ralfsiales Nakamura, 1972
  - Family
  - Family Ralfsiaceae
- Order Scytosiphonales Feldmann, 1949
  - Family
  - Family Scytosiphonaceae
- Order Scytothamnales A.F. Peters & M.N. Clayton, 1998
  - Family Scytothamnaceae
  - Family Splachnidiaceae
- Order Sphacelariales Migula, 1909
  - Family Sphacelariaceae
  - Family
- Order Sporochnales Sauvageau, 1926
  - Family Sporochnaceae
- Order Syringodermatales E.C. Henry, 1984
  - Family Syringodermataceae
- Order Tilopteridales Bessey, 1907
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family Phyllariaceae
  - Family
  - Family Tilopteridaceae
Class Pinguiophyceae
- Order Pinguiochrysidales
  - Family Pinguiochrysidaceae
Class Raphidophyceae (Raphidophyta) Chadefaud, 1950
- Order
  - Family
Class Synurophyceae Andersen, 1987
- Order Synurales Andersen, 1987
  - Family
  - Family
Class Xanthophyceae (Xanthophyta) Allorge & Fritsch, 1935
- Order Botrydiales
  - Family Botrydiaceae
- Order
  - Family
- Order
  - Family
- Order
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family Characiopsidaceae
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
- Order
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
- Order
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
- Order
  - Family

Infrakingdom Alveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1991[]

Phlyum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901

Subphylum Postciliodesmatophora
- Class Heterotrichea Stein, 1859
  - Order
    - Family
    - Family
  - Order
    - Family
  - Order Heterotrichida
    - Suborder
      - Family Folliculinidae
  - Order
    - Family
  - Order Odontostomatida Sawaya, 1940
    - Family Corliss, 1960
    - Family Corliss, 1960
    - Family Kahl, Doflein & Reichenow, 1929
  - Order
    - Family
  - Order
    - Family
- Class Karyorelictea Corliss, 1974
  - Order
    - Family Kentrophoridae
    - Family Trachelocercidae
  - Order Loxodida
    - Family
    - Family Loxodidae
  - Order Protoheterotrichida
    - Family Geleiidae
Subphylum Intramacronucleata
- Class Spirotrichea
  - Subclass Choreotrichia
    - Order Tintinnida
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
  - Subclass Hypotrichia
    - Order
      - Suborder
        Family
      - Suborder
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
    - Order
      - Family
  - Subclass Stichotrichia
- Class Litostomatea
  - Subclass Corliss, 1974
    - Order
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
  - Subclass
    - Order
      - Suborder de Puytorac, 1974
        Family Poche, 1913
      - Suborder Wolska, 1971
        Family Hsiung, 1930
      - Suborder Reichenow, Doflein & Reichenow, 1929
        Family Poche, 1913
        
        Family Stein, 1859
        
        Family Strelkow, 1939
        
        Family Corliss, 1979
    - Order
      - Family Reichenow & Reichenow, 1929
      - Family Isotrichidae Bütschli, 1889
- Class Phyllopharyngea
  - Subclass Chonotrichia
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
  - Subclass
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Lynchellidae
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
  - Subclass Suctoria
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
- Class Colpodea
  - Order
    - Family
- Class Nassophorea
  - Order
    - Family
    - Family
  - Order
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
  - Order
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
- Class Prostomatea
  - Order Prostomatida
    - Family
  - Order
    - Family
    - Family Colepidae
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
- Class Plagiopylea
  - Order Plagiopylida Small & Lynn, 1985
    - Family
    - Family
- Class Oligohymenophorea
  - Subclass
    - Order Peniculida
      - Suborder
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family Stokesiidae
      - Suborder
        Family
        
        Family Parameciidae
        
        Family
  - Subclass Hymenostomatia
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family Tetrahymenidae Corliss, 1952
    - Family
  - Subclass Scuticociliatia
    - Order Philasterida
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Cryptochilidae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Philasteridae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Thigmophryidae
      - Family
      - Family Uronematidae
    - Order Pleuronematida
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
  - Subclass Astomatia
    - Order Astomatida
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
  - Subclass
    - Order Apostomatida
      - Family Colliniidae
      - Family Cyrtocaryidae
      - Family Foettingeriidae
    - Order
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
  - Subclass Peritrichia
    - Order Mobilida
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Trichodinidae
      - Family
    - Order Sessilida
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Vaginicolidae
      - Family Vorticellidae
      - Family

Phylum Myzozoa T. Cavalier-Smith & E.E. Chao, 2004

Subphylum Apicomplexa
- Infraphylum
  - Class
    - Order Colpodellida Cavalier-Smith, 1993
      - Family Colpodellidae Simpson & Patterson, 1996
- Infraphylum Sporozoa
  - Class Aconoidasida Mehlhorn, Peters & Haberkorn, 1980
    - Order Haemosporida Danilewsky, 1885
      - Family Garniidae Lainson, Landau & Shaw, 1971
      - Family Haemoproteidae Doflein, 1916
      - Family Leucocytozoidae Fallis & Bennett, 1961
      - Family Plasmodiidae Mesnil, 1903
    - Order Piroplasmorida Wenyon, 1926
      - Family
  - Class
    - Order Agamococcidiorida
      - Family Gemmocystidae
      - Family Rhytidocystidae
    - Order Eucoccidiorida Léger & Duboscq, 1910
      - Suborder Adeleorina Léger, 1911
        Family Adeleidae
        
        Family Dactylosomatidae
        
        Family Haemogregarinidae
        
        Family Hepatozoidae Wenyon, 1926
        
        Family Karyolysidae
        
        Family Klossiellidae
        
        Family Legerellidae
      - Suborder Eimeriorina Léger, 1911
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family Cryptosporidiidae Léger, 1911
        
        Family Eimeriidae Minchin, 1903
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family Sarcocystidae
        
        Family
        
        Family
    - Order Ixorheorida
      - Family
    - Order Protococcidiorida
      - Family
      - Family Eleutheroschizonidae
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
  - Class Gregarinasina
    - Order Archigregarinorida Grassé & Schrével, 1953
      - Family Exoschizonidae
      - Family Selenidioididae
    - Order Eugregarinorida
      - Suborder Aseptatorina
        Family Aikinetocystidae
        
        Family Ganymedidae
        
        Family Lecudinidae
        
        Family Monocystidae
        
        Family Selenidiidae
        
        Family Urosporidae
      - Suborder Blastogregarinorina
        Family Siedleckiidae
      - Suborder Septatorina
        Family Actinocephalidae
        
        Family Cephaloidophoridae
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family
        
        Family Porosporidae
        
        Family
    - Order Neogregarinorida Grassé & Schrével, 1953
      - Family Caulleryellidae
      - Family Gigaductidae
      - Family Lipotrophidae
      - Family Ophryocystidae
      - Family Schizocystidae
      - Family Syncystidae
  - Class
    - Order Piroplasmida Wenyon, 1926
      - Family
      - Family Babesiidae Poche, 1913
      - Family
      - Family Theileriidae
Subphylum
- Infraphylum
  - Class
    - Order
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
  - Class
    - Order
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
  - Class
    - Order
      - Family
- Infraphylum Dinoflagellata (Dinophyta) Bütschli, 1885
  - Class Fensome, 1993
    - Order Blastodiniales Chatton, 1906
      - Family
      - Family Cavers, 1913
      - Family Siva, 1980
      - Family Chatton, 1920
      - Family Chatton, 1920
      - Family
  - Class Dinophyceae (Bütschli, 1885) Pascher, 1914
    - Subclass Möhn & Fensome, 1993
      - Order Dinophysiales Kofoid, 1926
        Family Lindemann, 1928
        
        Family F.R. von Stein, 1883
        
        Family Sournia, 1984
    - Subclass Fensome, 1993
      - Order Gymnodiniales Apstein, 1909
        Family Kützing, 1844
        
        Family
        
        Family Gymnodiniaceae Lankester, 1885
        
        Family Polykrikaceae Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
        
        Family Moestrup, Lindberg & Daugbjerg, 2005
        
        Family Lindemann, 1928
      - Order Fensome, 1993
        Family Sournia, 1972
        
        Family Willey & Hickson, 1909
    - Subclass Fensome, 1993
      - Order Gonyaulacales Taylor, 1980
        Suborder Fensome, 1993
        Family Ceratiaceae Willey & Hickson, 1909
        
        Suborder Fensome, 1993
        Family Stein, 1883
        
        Suborder Fensome, 1993
        Family Lindemann, 1928
        
        Family Apstein, 1909
        
        Suborder (Taylor, 1980)
        Family Ceratocoryaceae Lindemann, 1928
        
        Family
      - Order Peridiniales Haeckel, 1894
        Suborder Fensome, 1993
        Family Fensome, 1993
        
        Suborder (Haeckel, 1894)
        Family Peridiniaceae Ehrenberg, 1831
        
        Family Lindemann, 1928
    - Subclass Fensome, 1993
      - Order Prorocentrales Lemmermann, 1910
        Family Prorocentraceae Stein, 1883
  - Class Fensome, 1993
    - Order Noctilucales Haeckel, 1894
      - Family Taylor, 1976
      - Family Taylor, 1976
      - Family Noctilucaceae Saville-Kent, 1881
  - Class Syndiniophyceae Loeblich III, 1976
    - Order Syndiniales Loeblich III, 1976
      - Family Amoebophryaceae J. Cachon & Loeblich III,1970
      - Family
      - Family Duboscquellaceae Chatton, 1920
      - Family Oxyrrhinaceae Sournia, 1984
      - Family
      - Family Hollande & Grassé, 1952
      - Family Chatton, 1920

Division Haptophyta (Prymnesiophyta) Hibberd & Cavalier-Smith, 1986[]

Class Pavlovophyceae
- Order Pavlovales
  - Family Pavlovaceae
Class Prymnesiophyceae
- Order Coccolithales Schwarz, 1932
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
  - Family
- Order Isochrysidales Pascher, 1910
  - Family Isochrysidaceae
  - Family Noelaerhabdaceae
- Order
  - Family
- Order
  - Family Prymnesiaceae
- Order Syracosphaerales
  - Family Rhabdosphaeraceae
  - Family Syracosphaeraceae
- Order
  - Family
  - Family

Division Cryptophyta Pascher, 1914[]

Class Cryptophyceae Pascher, 1913
- Order Cryptomonadales Pascher, 1913
  - Family
  - Family Cryptomonadaceae
  - Family
  - Family Hilleaceae
- Order Goniomonadales
  - Family Goniomonadaceae

Excavata (Cavalier-Smith) Simpson, 2003[]

Cavalier-Smith, 2003[]

Phylum Loukozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1999[]

Class Jakobea Cavalier-Smith, 1999
- Order Jakobida
  - Family Histionidae
  - Family Jakobidae
Class Malawimonadea
- Order Malawimonadida
  - Family Malawimonadidae

Phylum Metamonada Grassé 1952[]

Subphylum Anaeromonada
- Class Anaeromonadea
  - Order
    - Family
  - Order Oxymonadida
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
    - Family
Subphylum Trichozoa
- Superclass Parabasalia
  - Class
    - Order Trichomonadida
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family Trichomonadidae
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
    - Order
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
  - Class
    - Order Trichonymphida
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
      - Family
- Superclass Carpediemonadia
  - Class Carpediemonadea
    - Order Carpediemonadida
      - Family
- Superclass Eopharyngia
  - Class
    - Subclass
      - Order Klebs, 1892
        Family Kent, 1880
      - Order Kunstler, 1882
        Family Cavalier-Smith, 1996
    - Subclass
      - Order
        Family Kulda & Nohýnková, 1976
  - Class
    - Order Retortamonadida
      - Family Retortamonadidae Wenrich, 1932

Discicristata Cavalier-Smith, 2003[]

Phylum Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991[]

Class Heterolobosea
- Order Schizopyrenida Singh, 1952
  - Family Gruberellidae
  - Family Vahlkampfiidae
- Order Acrasida (Schröter), Page & Blanton, 1985
  - Family Acrasidae
- Order Cavalier-Smith, 1993
  - Family Lyromonadidae Cavalier-Smith, 1993
Class Percolatea
- Order
  - Family Percolatea
- Order Pseudociliatida Corliss & Lipscomb, 1982
  - Family Stephanopogonidae Corliss, 1961

Phylum Euglenozoa (Euglenophyta) Cavalier-Smith, 1981^[3][]

Subphylum
- Class Euglenoidea Bütschli, 1884
  - Order Euglenales
    - Family Euglenaceae
  - Order Cavalier-Smith, 1993
    - Family
  - Order Bütschli, 1884
    - Family Peranemataceae Dujardin, 1841
  - Order Leedale, 1967
    - Family
- Class Diplonemea
  - Order Diplonemida Cavalier-Smith, 1993
    - Family Diplonemidae Cavalier-Smith, 1993
Subphylum
- Class Kinetoplastea
  - Order Bodonida Hollande, 1952
    - Family Bütschli, 1887
  - Order Trypanosomatida (Kent, 1880) Hollande, 1952
    - Family Trypanosomatidae Doflein, 1901

Notes[]

^ The first eukaryotes were “neither plants, animals, nor fungi”, hence as defined, the Protista would include the earliest common ancestor of all eukaryotes.
^ In the original 4-kingdom model proposed in 1959, Protista included all unicellular microorganisms such as bacteria.

References[]

^ Whittaker RH (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–160. Bibcode:1969Sci...163..150W. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.403.5430. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
^ "whittaker new concepts of kingdoms – Google Scholar". scholar.google.ca. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
^ T. Cavalier-Smith (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine". BioSystems. 14 (3–4): 461–481. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818.

[origin-1] The first eukaryotes were “neither plants, animals, nor fungi”, hence as defined, the Protista would include the earliest common ancestor of all eukaryotes.

[4] In the original 4-kingdom model proposed in 1959, Protista included all unicellular microorganisms such as bacteria.

[whitaker5kingdoms-2] Whittaker RH (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–160. Bibcode:1969Sci...163..150W. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.403.5430. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.

[3] "whittaker new concepts of kingdoms – Google Scholar". scholar.google.ca. Retrieved 2016-02-28.

[C-S1981-5] T. Cavalier-Smith (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine". BioSystems. 14 (3–4): 461–481. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818.

[a]

[1]

[2]

[b]

[3]

Protista taxonomy

Contents

Unikonta (Sarcomastigota) Cavalier-Smith, 1987[]

Phylum Amoebozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998[]

Clade Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1981[]

Bikonta (Biciliata) Cavalier-Smith, 2002[]

Kingdom Archaeplastida (Primoplantae) Sina Adl, 2005[]

Kingdom Chromista Cavalier-Smith, 1981[]

Subkingdom SAR Cavalier-Smith, 2010[]

Infrakingdom Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002[]

Phylum Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998[]

Phylum Retaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002[]

Clade Halvaria[]

Infrakingdom Heterokontophyta (Heterokonta) Cavalier-Smith, 1986[]

Infrakingdom Alveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1991[]

Division Haptophyta (Prymnesiophyta) Hibberd & Cavalier-Smith, 1986[]

Division Cryptophyta Pascher, 1914[]

Excavata (Cavalier-Smith) Simpson, 2003[]

Cavalier-Smith, 2003[]

Phylum Loukozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1999[]

Phylum Metamonada Grassé 1952[]

Discicristata Cavalier-Smith, 2003[]

Phylum Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991[]

Phylum Euglenozoa (Euglenophyta) Cavalier-Smith, 1981^[3][]

See also[]

Notes[]

References[]

Protista taxonomy

Unikonta (Sarcomastigota) Cavalier-Smith, 1987[]

Phylum Amoebozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998[]

Clade Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1981[]

Bikonta (Biciliata) Cavalier-Smith, 2002[]

Kingdom Archaeplastida (Primoplantae) Sina Adl, 2005[]

Kingdom Chromista Cavalier-Smith, 1981[]

Subkingdom SAR Cavalier-Smith, 2010[]

Infrakingdom Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002[]

Phylum Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998[]

Phylum Retaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002[]

Clade Halvaria[]

Infrakingdom Heterokontophyta (Heterokonta) Cavalier-Smith, 1986[]

Infrakingdom Alveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1991[]

Division Haptophyta (Prymnesiophyta) Hibberd & Cavalier-Smith, 1986[]

Division Cryptophyta Pascher, 1914[]

Excavata (Cavalier-Smith) Simpson, 2003[]

Cavalier-Smith, 2003[]

Phylum Loukozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1999[]

Phylum Metamonada Grassé 1952[]

Discicristata Cavalier-Smith, 2003[]

Phylum Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991[]

Phylum Euglenozoa (Euglenophyta) Cavalier-Smith, 1981[3][]

See also[]

Notes[]

References[]

Phylum Euglenozoa (Euglenophyta) Cavalier-Smith, 1981^[3][]