Protochirotherium

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Protochirotherium
Temporal range: Early Triassic, Olenekian–Anisian Possible Late Permian record
Hand-Fuß-Eindruckpaar von Protochirotherium wolfhagense Regionalmuseum Wolfhagen 2017-03-12.JPG
Prortochirotherium holotype trace fossil, displayed in
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Class:
Family:
†
Genus:
†Protochirotherium

Fichter and Kunz, 2004
Binomial name
†Protochirotherium wolfhagenense
Fichter and Kunz, 2004

Protochirotherium, also known as Protocheirotherium (‘first hand-beast’), is an Early Triassic ichnotaxon (trace fossil) consisting of five-fingered (pentadactyl) footprints and whole tracks, discovered in Germany and later Morocco.[1][2] The type ichnospecies is Protochirotheroum wolfhagenense, named and described in 2004[3] and re-evaluated in 2007.[4] Protochirotherium-like prints have been found in the Late Permian of Italy, possibly representing the oldest known fossils of mesaxonic archosauromorphs.[2]

Protochirotherium is the earliest known ichnotaxa, similar to later forms such as Chirotherium, , and Brachychirotherium. The shape of the large pes (foot) and smaller manus (hand) are typical among chirotheres, with a plantigrade posture and five clawed toes. The fifth (outermost) digit of the pes shortened and curved away from the other four. Both the pes and manus are mesaxonic, with the longest digit being digit III (the middle digit) Digit IV is only slightly shorter than digit III, and digit II slightly shorter than digit IV. In the pes, the base of digit V has the form of a massive, rounded pad, which is more strongly expanded than in other chirotheres.[1]

Compared to other chirotheres, the animal creating the trackways was small to medium-sized, with a relatively wide gait (though still very narrow compared to most reptiles) and short stride length. The pace angulation is low, the pes and manus slightly point outwards, and the manus print is positioned close to the pes print. Trackmakers are certainly archosauriforms with an erect posture.[5] Erythrosuchids have been suggested as responsible for some European tracks,[3][1] though they may have had a broader gait.[2] Early pseudosuchian archosaurs are a more widely accepted candidate.[5][1][2]

Fossil distribution[]

Fossils of Protochirotherium have been found in:

Triassic

Permian[]

  • , Late Permian, Italy (cf. Protochirotherium)[2]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d e Klein, Hendrik; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Voigt, Sebastian; Lagnaoui, Abdelouahed; Hminna, Abdelkbir; Saber, Hafid; Schneider, Joerg (2013-03-01). "The Tetrapod Ichnogenus Protochirotherium Fichter and Kunz 2004, a Characteristic Early Triassic Morphotype of Central Pangea". Ichnos. 20: 24–30. doi:10.1080/10420940.2012.757699. S2CID 129046322. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
  2. ^ a b c d e Bernardi, Massimo; Klein, Hendrik; Petti, Fabio Massimo; Ezcurra, Martín D. (2015-06-17). "The Origin and Early Radiation of Archosauriforms: Integrating the Skeletal and Footprint Record". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0128449. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1028449B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128449. PMC 4471049. PMID 26083612.
  3. ^ a b c Fichter and Kunz, 2004
  4. ^ H. Klein and H. Haubold. 2007. Archosaur footprints – potential for biochronology of Triassic continental sequences. In S. G. Lucas & J. A. Spielmann (ed.), New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 41:120-130 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen/M. Carrano]
  5. ^ a b c Klein, Hendrik; Niedzwiedzki, Grzegorz (2012). "Revision of the Lower Triassic tetrapod ichnofauna from Wiory, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin. 56: 1–62.
  6. ^ Klein, Hendrik; Voigt, Sebastian; Hminna, Abdelkbir; Saber, Hafid; Schneider, Jörg; Hmich, Driss (2010-08-31). "Early Triassic Archosaur-Dominated Footprint Assemblage from the Argana Basin (Western High Atlas, Morocco)". Ichnos. 17 (3): 215–227. doi:10.1080/10420940.2010.510030. ISSN 1042-0940.
  7. ^ M. Carrano CDUE locality 11, Argana Basin (coll. Voigt, Schneider 2008–2009)
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