Pseudo-anglicism

A pseudo-anglicism is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word with the same meaning.^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

For example, English speakers traveling in France may be struck by the "number of anglicisms—or rather words that look English—which are used in a different sense than they have in English, or which do not exist in English (such as rallye-paper, shake-hand, baby-foot, or baby-parc)".^[6]

This is different from a false friend, which is a word with a cognate that has a different main meaning. Sometimes pseudo-anglicisms become false friends.^[7]

Definition and terminology[]

Pseudo-anglicisms are also called secondary anglicisms,^[8] false anglicisms,^[9] or pseudo-English.^[10]

Pseudo-anglicisms are a kind of lexical borrowing where the source or donor language is English, but where the borrowing is reworked in the receptor or recipient language.^[11][12]

The precise definition varies. Duckworth defines pseudo-anglicisms in German as "neologisms derived from English language material."^[11][13] Furiassi includes words that may exist in English with a "conspicuously different meaning".^[14]

Typology and mechanism[]

Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words which once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used incorrectly to mean something else; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.^[15]

Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a neologism in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed lexical items from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is Wellfit-Bar, a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people." An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, Weitsprung (long jump), plus the English 'coach', to create the new German word Weitsprung-Coach.^[11]

According to Filipović, pseudoanglicisms can be formed through composition, derivation, or ellipsis. Composition in Serbo-Croatian involves creating a new compound from an English word to which is added the word man, as in the example, "GOAL" + man, giving golman. In derivation, a suffix -er or -ist is added to an anglicism, to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as teniser, or waterpolist. An ellipsis drops something, and starts from a compound and drops a component, or from a derivative and drops -ing, as in boks from "boxing", or "hepiend" from "happy ending".^[16]

Another process of word formation that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a blend word, consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest tansad in French in 1919, from English tan[dem] + sad[dle].^[17]

Scope[]

Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages.^[18]

Examples[]

Many languages[]

Some pseudo-anglicisms are found in many languages and have been characterized as "world-wide pseudo-English",^[19] often borrowed via other languages such as French or Italian:^[20]

• autostop – hitchhiking in French,^[21] Italian,^[22] Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Greek οτοστόπ,^[23] Russian автостоп, Spanish, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Dutch, etc.^[24]
• basket – basketball in Danish, French, Dutch, Indonesian, Italian, Spanish, Swedish,^[25] Greek μπασκέτ,^[23] Turkish, etc.;^[24] also sneakers in French
• camping – campsite or campground in French,^[21] Greek κάμπινγκ,^[23] Bulgarian къмпинг,^[26] Russian ке́мпинг,^[27] Polish kemping,^[28] etc.
• smoking – dinner jacket, tuxedo, or smoking jacket in Danish,^[29] French,^[21] German,^[30] Italian,^[31] Greek σμπόκιν,^[23] Russian, etc.^[24]

Japanese[]

• salaryman (サラリーマン, sararīman)^[32] – a white collar employee (salaried worker)
• Pokémon (ポケモン,"pocket monster")^[32]

Korean[]

• one shot – "bottoms up" (원샷 [wʌn.ɕjat̚])^{[33][failed verification]}
• hand phone – "cellphone" (핸드폰 [hɛn.dɯ.pon])^{[34][failed verification]}
• skinship - platonic hand-holding, hugging, etc. (스킨십; seu·kin·sib)^[35]

Romance[]

French[]

French includes many pseudo-anglicisms, including novel compounds (baby-foot), specifically compounds in -man (tennisman), truncations (foot), places in -ing (dancing meaning dancing-place, not the act of dancing), and a large variety of meaning shifts.^[36]

• baby-foot^[37] (m, pronounced [ba.bi.fut]) – table football
• baby-parc^[37] – playpen
• brushing – blow-dry and styling^[38][39]
• building – high-rise building, tower block^[38][21]
• dancing – dance hall^[36]
• flirt – a brief romance, flirtation, a boyfriend or girlfriend^[21]
• footing – jogging
• night shop (m, Belgium) – late-opening grocery shop
• rallye-paper^[37] – a "fox-and-hounds" like game, except with paper scraps instead of foxes^[40]
• recordman (m; pl: recordmans; f:Recordwoman) – record holder in sports
• relooker (verb) to make over; also: relooking (n; masc.) – a makeover
• rugbyman (n; masc.) – rugby player
• shake-hand^[37]
• shampooing – shampoo^[36]
• speaker, speakerine (feminine) – radio or television announcer^[36]
• standing – luxury, prestige^[36]
• surf – surfing^[36]
• tennisman – a tennis player

Italian[]

• autogrill (Italian pronunciation: [autoˈɡril])^[41] – motorway service area (used for any brand, not only for Autogrill chain)
• beauty farm^[42] – spa
• The French borrowing bloc-notes (French pronunciation: ​[blɔknɔt]) is sometimes written in the pseudo-English form block-notes (Italian pronunciation: [blɔkˈnɔts])^[43] – notebook
• jolly — the joker in a pack of cards^[38][44]

Germanic[]

Danish[]

• babylift – baby transport/carrycot^[45][38]
• butterfly – bow tie^[46]
• cottoncoat – trench coat^[47]
• cowboytoast – minced meat sandwich^[48]
• grillparty – a barbecue party^[49]
• monkeyclass – economy class^[50]
• speedmarker – a felt-tip pen^[51]
• stationcar – conflation of station wagon (US) and estate car (UK)^[52]
• timemanager – a calendar or notebook in which one writes down appointments (from the registered trademark )^[53]

Dutch[]

• beamer – a video projector (via German pseudo-anglicism Beamer)^{[54][better source needed]}
• oldtimer - a antique car
• sport - to exercise or engage in a sport
• touringcar – a coach (bus)

German[]

German pseudo anglicisms often have multiple valid and common ways of writing them, generally either hyphenated (Home-Office) or in one word (Homeoffice).^[55] Infrequently, CamelCase may also be used.^{[citation needed]}

• Beamer – a video projector^[56]
• Bodybag – a messenger bag
• Dressman – a male model (Onysko calls this the 'canonical example' of a pseudo-anglicism.^[11])
• Flipper – a pinball machine^[57]
• Funsport – a sport played for amusement, such as skateboarding or frisbee^[38][58]
• Handy – a mobile phone^[59]
• Homeoffice – working from home, used as a noun^[55]
• Jobticket – a free pass for public transport provided by an employer for employees^[60]
• Oldtimer – an antique car^[38]
• Public Viewing – a public viewing event (party) of a football match or similar
• Shooting – a photoshoot^[57]
• Trampen (verb) – hitchhiking^[61]

Swedish[]

• after work – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished^[62]
• backslick – A wet, combed-back hair style^{[citation needed]}
• pocket – A paper-back book^[63]

Slavic[]

Polish[]

• dres – tracksuit;^[64] sometimes also chav(s) (short for dresiarz)

Russian[]

• Дресс-кроссинг ("Dress crossing") – clothing swap^[65] (analogous to postcrossing, bookcrossing); not to be confused with cross-dressing
• Клипмейкер ("Clip maker") – music video director^{[citation needed]}
• Страйкбол ("strikeball")^[66][67] – airsoft
• Фейсконтроль ("Face control") – the policy of screening people based on their appearance^{[citation needed]}
• Аниматор ("Animator") – children's entertainer

Serbo-Croatian[]

• golman / Голман – goalkeeper, goalie^{[citation needed]}
• rekorder / рекордер – record holder (in sports)^{[citation needed]}

Austronesian[]

Tagalog[]

• jeepney – a mode of public transport in the Philippines, much like a form of share taxi^{[68][failed verification]}

See also[]

References[]

Sources[]

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Further reading[]

External links[]

• Examples of Japanese pseudo-anglicisms