Public bathing

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Asser Levy Public Baths in Manhattan, New York City (1904–1906, restored 1989–1990)

Public baths originated at a time when most people in population centers did not have access to private bathing facilities. Though termed "public", they often have been restricted according to gender, religious affiliation, personal membership, and other criteria. In addition to their hygienic function, public baths also have served as social meeting places. They sometimes have included saunas, massages, and other relaxation therapies, such as are found in modern day spas. As the percentage of dwellings containing a private bathroom has increased in some societies, the need for public baths has diminished, and they are now almost exclusively used for recreational purposes.

History[]

See also: History of water supply and sanitation

Ancient Greece[]

In The Book of the Bath, Françoise de Bonneville wrote, "The history of public baths begins in Greece in the sixth century B.C.," where men and women washed in basins near places of exercise, physical and intellectual. Later gymnasia had indoor basins set overhead, the open maws of marble lions offering showers, and circular pools with tiers of steps for lounging.

Bathing was ritualized, becoming an art – of cleansing sands, hot water, hot air in dark vaulted "vapor baths", a cooling plunge, a rubdown with aromatic oils. Cities all over Ancient Greece honored sites where "young ephebes stood and splashed water over their bodies."

Chinese[]

Bathing culture in Chinese literature can be traced back to the Shang dynasty (1600 – 1046 BCE), where Oracle bone inscriptions describes the people washing washing hair and body in bath, suggesting people paid attention to personal hygiene. Book of Rites, a work regarding Zhou dynasty (1046 – 256 BCE) ritual, politics, and culture compiled during the Warring States period, describes that people should take hot shower for every five days and wash their hairs for every three days. It's also considered good manner to take a bath provided by the host before the dinner. In Han dynasty, the bathing becomes regular activity for every five day.[1]

Ancient public bath facilities have been found in ancient Chinese cities, such as Dongzhouyang archaeological site in Henan Province. Bathroom were called Bi (Chinese: 湢), and bathtubs were made of bronze or timber.[2] Bath beans, a powdery soap mixture of grounded beans, cloves, eaglewood, flowers, and even powdered jade, was recorded in Han Dynasty. Bath beans were considered luxury toiletries, while common people simply used powered beans without spices mixed-in. Luxurious bathhouse built around hot spring was recorded in Tang dynasty.[1] While royal bathhouse and bathrooms were common amount ancient Chinese nobles and commoners, public bathhouse was a relatively late development. In Song dynasty (960 – 1279), public bathhouse became popular and people could find them everywhere on the street,[2] and bathing became an essential part of social life and recreation. Bathhouse often provide massage, nail cut service, rubdown service, ear cleaning, food and beverages.[2] Marco Polo, who traveled to China during Yuan dynasty, noted Chinese bathhouse were using coal to heat the bathhouse, which he had never seen before in Europe.[3] Coal was so plentiful that Chinese people of every social class had bathroom in their houses, and people take shower everyday in the winter, out of enjoyment.[4][5]

A typical Ming dynasty bathhouse has slabbed floors and brick dome ceilings. A huge boiler would be installed in the back of the house, connected with the bathing pool through a tunnel. Water can be pumped into the pool by turning wheels attended by the staff.[2]

Indonesia[]

Public bathing as cleansing ritual in Tirta Empul, Bali.

Traditionally in Indonesia, bathing is almost always "public", in the sense that people might converge in riverbanks, pools, or water springs either for bathing or washing laundry. However, for modesty purposes, some sections of riverbanks apply sex segregation. Bathing completely naked is quite uncommon, as people might still use kain jarik (usually batik clothes or sarong) wrapped around their body to cover their genitals during bathing. More modest bathing springs might use weaved bamboo partitions for privacy. This is still common practice in villages and rural areas in Indonesia.

The 8th-century complex of Ratu Boko contains a petirtaan or bathing pools structure enclosed within a walled compound.[6] This suggests that other than bathing in riverbanks or springs, people of ancient Java of Medang Kingdom developed a bathing pool, although it was not actually "public" since the pool was believed to be reserved for royalties or people residing in this compound. The 14th-century Majapahit city of Trowulan, contains several bathing structures, such as Candi Tikus bathing pool, believed to be a royal bathing pool, and also Segaran reservoir or large public pool.[7]

The Hindu-majority island of Bali contains several public bathing pools, some dated from the 9th century such as Goa Gajah. A notable public bathing pool is Tirta Empul, which actually more linked to Balinese Hinduism cleansing ritual than a recreation of sanitation purpose.[8] The bubbling water of is the main source of Pakerisan river.

Indus Valley Civilization[]

Great Bath of Mohenjo Daro
Further information: Sanitation in the Indus Valley Civilization

Some of the earliest public baths are found in the ruins in of the Indus Valley Civilization. According to John Keay, the "Great Bath" of Mohenjo Daro in present-day Pakistan was the size of 'a modest municipal swimming pool', complete with stairs leading down to the water at each one of its ends.[9]

The bath is housed inside a larger—more elaborate—building and was used for public bathing.[9] The Great Bath and the house of the priest suggest that the Indus had a religion.

Japan[]

Main article: Public bathing in Japan

The origin of Japanese bathing is Misogi, ritual purification with water.[10] After Japan imported Buddhist culture, many temples had saunas, which were available for anyone to use for free.

In the Heian period, houses of prominent families, such as the families of court nobles or samurai, had baths. The bath had lost its religious significance and instead became leisure. Misogi became Gyōzui, to bathe in a shallow wooden tub.[11]

In the 17th century, the first European visitors to Japan recorded the habit of daily baths in sexually mixed groups.[10] Before the mid-19th century, when Western influence increased, nude communal bathing for men, women, and children at the local unisex public bath, or sentō, was a daily fact of life.

In contemporary times, many, but not all administrative regions forbid nude mixed gender public baths, with exceptions for children under a certain age when accompanied by parents. Public baths using water from onsen (hot springs) are particularly popular. Towns with hot springs are destination resorts, which are visited daily by the locals and people from other, neighboring towns.

Roman Empire[]

Main articles: Thermae and Ancient Roman bathing
Ruins of a Roman bath in Dion, Greece, showing the under-floor heating system, or hypocaust

The first public thermae of 19 BC had a rotunda 25 metres across, circled by small rooms, set in a park with an artificial river and pool. By AD 300 the Baths of Diocletian would cover 140,000 square metres (1,500,000 sq ft), its soaring granite and porphyry sheltering 3,000 bathers a day. Roman baths became "something like a cross between an aqua centre and a theme park", with pools, game rooms, gardens, even libraries, and theatres. One of the most famous public bath sites is Aquae Sulis in Bath, England.

Dr. Garrett G Fagan, a professor at Pennsylvania State University, described public bathing as a "social event" for the Romans in his book Bathing in Public in the Roman World. He also states that "In Western Europe only the Finns still practice a truly public bathing habit."[12][13]

Muslim world[]

Main article: Hammam

Public bathhouses were a prominent feature in the culture of the Muslim world which was inherited from the model of the Roman thermae.[14][15][16] Muslim bathhouses, also called hammams (from Arabic: حمّام‎, romanized: ḥammām) or Turkish baths (due to their association with the Ottoman Empire), are historically found across the Middle East, North Africa, al-Andalus (Islamic Spain and Portugal), Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and in central and eastern Europe under Ottoman rule. In Islamic culture the significance of the hammam was both religious and civic: it provided for the needs of ritual ablutions (wudu and ghusl) but also provided general hygiene and served other functions in the community such as meeting places for socialization for both men and women.[14][15][17] Archeological remains attest to the existence of bathhouses in the Islamic world as early as the Umayyad period (7th-8th centuries) and their importance has persisted up to modern times.[17][14] Their architecture evolved from the layout of Roman and Greek bathhouses and featured a similar sequence of rooms: an undressing room, a cold room, a warm room, and a hot room. Heat is produced by furnaces which provide hot water and steam, as well as smoke and hot air passing through conduits under the floor.[15][17][16] The process of visiting a hammam was similar to that of Roman bathing, albeit with some exceptions such as the absence of exercise.[18][14]

Modern public bathing[]

A bathhouse, c. 1475–1485

Despite the denunciation of the mixed bathing style of Roman pools by early Christian clergy, as well as the pagan custom of women naked bathing in front of men, this did not stop the Church from urging its followers to go to public baths for bathing,[19] which contributed to hygiene and good health according to the Church Father, Clement of Alexandria. The Church built public bathing facilities that were separate for both sexes near monasteries and pilgrimage sites; also, the popes situated baths within church basilicas and monasteries since the early Middle Ages.[20] Pope Gregory the Great urged his followers on value of bathing as a bodily need.[21]

Great bathhouses were built in Byzantine centers such as Constantinople and Antioch,[22][23] and the popes allocated to the Romans bathing through diaconia, or private Lateran baths, or even a myriad of monastic bath houses functioning in eighth and ninth centuries.[21] The Popes maintained their baths in their residences which described by scholar Paolo Squatriti as " luxurious baths", and bath houses including hot baths incorporated into Christian Church buildings or those of monasteries, which known as "charity baths" because they served both the clerics and needy poor people.[24] Public bathing were common in medivail Christendom larger towns and cities such as Paris, Regensburg and Naples.[25][26] Catholic religious orders of the Augustinians' and Benedictines' rules contained ritual purification,[27] and inspired by Benedict of Nursia encouragement for the practice of therapeutic bathing; Benedictine monks played a role in the development and promotion of spas.[24] Protestantism also played a prominent role in the development of the British spas.[24]

Byzantine Bath in Thessaloniki.

Roman style public baths were introduced on a limited scale by returning crusaders in the 11th and 12th centuries,[28] who had enjoyed warm baths in the Middle East. These, however, rapidly degenerated into brothels or at least the reputation as such and were closed down at various times. For instance, in England during the reign of Henry II, bath houses, called bagnios from the Italian word for bath, were set up in Southwark on the river Thames. They were all officially closed down by Henry VIII in 1546 due to their negative reputation.

A notable exception to this trend was in Finland and Scandinavia, where the sauna remained a popular phenomenon, even expanding during the Reformation period, when European bath houses were being destroyed. Finnish saunas remain an integral and ancient part of the way of life there. They are found on the lake shore, in private apartments, corporate headquarters, at the Parliament House and even at the depth of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) in Pyhäsalmi Mine. The sauna is an important part of the national identity[29] and those who have the opportunity usually take a sauna at least once a week.[30]

British Empire[]

Further information: Baths and wash houses in Britain
Interior of Liverpool wash house, the first public wash house in England.

The first modern public baths were opened in Liverpool in 1829. The first known warm fresh-water public wash house was opened in May 1842.[31][32]

The popularity of wash-houses was spurred by the newspaper interest in Kitty Wilkinson, an Irish immigrant "wife of a labourer" who became known as the Saint of the Slums.[33] In 1832, during a cholera epidemic, Wilkinson took the initiative to offer the use of her house and yard to neighbours to wash their clothes, at a charge of a penny per week,[31] and showed them how to use a chloride of lime (bleach) to get them clean. She was supported by the District Provident Society and William Rathbone. In 1842 Wilkinson was appointed baths superintendent.[34][35]

In Birmingham, around ten private baths were available in the 1830s. Whilst the dimensions of the baths were small, they provided a range of services.[36] A major proprietor of bath houses in Birmingham was a Mr. Monro who had had premises in Lady Well and Snow Hill.[37] Private baths were advertised as having healing qualities and being able to cure people of diabetes, gout and all skin diseases, amongst others.[37] On 19 November 1844, it was decided that the working class members of society should have the opportunity to access baths, in an attempt to address the health problems of the public. On 22 April and 23 April 1845, two lectures were delivered in the town hall urging the provision of public baths in Birmingham and other towns and cities.

After a period of campaigning by many committees, the Public Baths and Wash-houses Act received royal assent on 26 August 1846. The Act empowered local authorities across the country to incur expenditure in constructing public swimming baths out of its own funds.[38]

The first London public baths was opened at Goulston Square, Whitechapel, in 1847 with the Prince consort laying the foundation stone.[39][40]

The introduction of bath houses into British culture was a response to the public's desire for increased sanitary conditions, and by 1915 most towns in Britain had at least one.[41]

Hot Baths[]

The Bathers, oil on canvas, Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904).

Victorian Turkish baths (based on traditional Muslim bathhouses, a variant of the Roman bath) were introduced to Britain by David Urquhart, diplomat and sometime Member of Parliament for Stafford, who for political and personal reasons wished to popularize Turkish culture. In 1850 he wrote The Pillars of Hercules, a book about his travels in 1848 through Spain and Morocco. He described the system of dry hot-air baths used there and in the Ottoman Empire which had changed little since Roman times. In 1856 Richard Barter read Urquhart's book and worked with him to construct a bath. They opened the first modern hot water bath at St Ann's Hydropathic Establishment near Blarney, County Cork, Ireland.[42] The original baths were used for individual washing and men-only swimming. It was not until 1914 that family bathing was allowed.[43]

The following year, the first public bath of its type to be built in mainland Britain since Roman times was opened in Manchester, and the idea spread rapidly. It reached London in July 1860, when Roger Evans, a member of one of Urquhart's Foreign Affairs Committees, opened a Turkish bath at 5 Bell Street, near Marble Arch. During the following 150 years, over 600 Turkish baths opened in Britain, including those built by municipal authorities as part of swimming pool complexes, taking advantage of the fact that water-heating boilers were already on site.

Similar baths opened in other parts of the British Empire. Dr. John Le Gay Brereton opened a Turkish bath in Sydney, Australia in 1859, Canada had one by 1869, and the first in New Zealand was opened in 1874. Urquhart's influence was also felt outside the Empire when in 1861, Dr Charles H Shepard opened the first Turkish baths in the United States at 63 Columbia Street, Brooklyn Heights, New York, most probably on 3 October 1863.[44][45]

Russia[]

1926 depiction of rural banya by Russian artist Boris Kustodiev: Russian Venus (holding birch besom)

Washing and thermal body treatments with steam and accessories such as a bunch of birch branches have been traditionally carried out in banyas. This tradition was born in rural areas, Russia being a spacious country with a farming population dominating until World War II. Farmers did not have inside their log cabins running water supply and hot bathtubs for washing their bodies, so they either used for their washing heat and space inside their Russian stoves or built from logs, like the cottage itself, a one-family banya bath outhouse behind their dwelling on the family's land plot. It was usually a smallish wooden cabin with a low entrance and no more than one small window to keep heat inside. Traditionally, the family washed their bodies completely once a week before the day of the Bible-prescribed rest (Sunday) as having a (steam) bath meant having to get and bring in a considerable amount of firewood and water and spending time off other farm work heating the bathhouse.

With the growth of Russian big cities since the 18th century, public baths were opened in them and then back in villages. While the richer urban circles could afford to have an individual bathroom with a bathtub in their apartments (since the late 19th century with running water), the lower classes necessarily used public steambaths – special big buildings which were equipped with developed side catering services enjoyed by the merchants with a farming background.

Since the first half of the 20th century running unheated drinking water supply has been made available virtually to all inhabitants of multi-story apartment buildings in cities, but if such dwellings were built during the 1930s and not updated later, they do not have hot running water (except for central heating) or space to accommodate a bathtub, plumbing facilities being limited in them only to a kitchen sink and a small toilet room with a toilet seat. Thus the dwellers of such apartments, on a par with those living in the part of pre-1917-built blocks of flats which had not undergone cardinal renovation, would have no choice but to use public bathhouses.

Since the 1950s in cities, towns, and many rural areas more comfortable dwelling became a nationally required standard, and almost all apartments are designed with both cold and hot water supply, and a bathroom with a bathtub, but a percentage of people living in them still go to public steam baths for health treatments with steam, tree branches, aromatic oils.

United States[]

The building of public baths in the United States began in the 1890s. Public baths were created to improve the health and sanitary condition of the working classes, before personal baths became commonplace.

One pioneering public bathhouse was the well-appointed James Lick Baths building, with laundry facilities, given to the citizens of San Francisco in 1890 by the James Lick estate for their free use.[46] The Lick bathhouse continued as a public amenity until 1919. Other early examples such as the 1890 West Side Natatorium in Milwaukee, the first of Chicago's in 1894, and the 1891 People's Baths on the Lower East Side of Manhattan were alike in their explicit spirit of social improvement—the People's Baths were organized by Simon Baruch and financed by the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor.[47]

In an 1897 comparison to Pittsburgh, which had no municipal baths, Philadelphia was equipped with a dozen, "distributed through the very poorest quarters of the city," each with a concrete pool and 80 dressing rooms. Every pool was drained, flushed and swept twice a week, prior to the two days set aside for ladies only, Mondays and Thursdays.[48] The average number of visitors to the Philadelphia baths every week was about 28,000, with a "great crush" of boys appearing after school hours, boys who were likely to ignore their 30-minute time limits. Operators discouraged the use of soap.[48] By 1904 Pittsburgh would have its third municipal bath, the Wash House and Public Building, built by private contributors but maintained by the city.[49]

A New York state law of 1895 required every city over 50,000 in population maintain as many public baths as their Boards of Health deemed necessary, providing hot and cold water for at least 14 hours a day.[50] Despite that mandate, the first civic bathhouse in New York City, the Rivington Street municipal bath on the Lower East Side, opened five years later.

This amounted to a national bath-building movement that peaked in the decade between 1900 and 1910.[47] By 1904, eight of the nation's ten most populous cities had year-round bathhouses available to the working class. In 1922, 40 cities across the country maintained at least one or two public facilities, and the city with the largest system of baths was New York City, with 25.[47]

Other notable constructions of the period include Bathhouse Row[51] in the spa resort town of Hot Springs, Arkansas, and the Asser Levy Public Baths in New York City, completed in 1908.

Gallery[]

  • Alfred Laliberté's Les petits Baigneurs, 1915 restored 1992 at Maisonneuve public baths, Montreal, Quebec

  • Bathing in 1450

  • Bathing in 1568

  • A woman bathing is spied upon through a window

  • Ancient Ruins Used as Public Baths by Hubert Robert (1798)

  • Bagno del Papa in Viterbo

See also[]

References[]

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  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ancient Chinese Bath Culture". viewofchina. 30 April 2019.
  3. ^ Golas, Peter J and Needham, Joseph (1999) Science and Civilisation in China. Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–91. ISBN 0-521-58000-5
  4. ^ "MARCO POLO'S DESCRIPTIONS OF CHINA". factsanddetails.
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Bibliography[]

External links[]

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