Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

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The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, published during the preceding calendar year. As the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, it was one of the original Pulitzers; the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year.[1] (No Novel prize was awarded in 1917; the first was awarded in 1918.)[2]

Finalists have been announced since 1980, usually a total of three.[2]

Definition[]

As defined in the original Plan of Award, the prize was given "Annually, for the American novel published during the year which shall best present the wholesome atmosphere of American life, and the highest standard of American manners and manhood," although there was some struggle over whether the word wholesome should be used instead of whole, the word Pulitzer had written in his will.[3] In 1927, the advisory board quietly instituted Pulitzer's word choice, replacing wholesome with whole.

With 1929 came the first of several much more substantive changes. The board changed the wording to "preferably one which shall best present the whole atmosphere of American life" and deleted the insistence that the novel portray "the highest standard of American manners and manhood". In 1936, emphasis was changed again, with the award going to "a distinguished novel published during the year by an American author, preferably dealing with American life". In 1948, the advisory board widened the scope of the award with the wording "For distinguished fiction published in book form during the year by an American author, preferably dealing with American life."[3] This change allowed the prize to go to a collection of short stories for the first time, James Michener's Tales of the South Pacific.

Winners[]

In 31 years under the "Novel" name, the prize was awarded 27 times; in its first 69 years to 2016 under the "Fiction" name, 62 times. There have been 11 years during which no title received the award. It has never been shared by two authors.[2] Four writers have won two prizes each in the Fiction category: Booth Tarkington, William Faulkner, John Updike, and Colson Whitehead.

1910s to 1970s[]

Year Winner Work Genre(s) Author's origin
1918 Ernest Poole.jpg Ernest Poole
(1880–1950)
His Family Macmillan (1917) Novel Illinois
1919 Booth Tarkington cph.3b27122.jpg Booth Tarkington
(1869–1949)
The Magnificent Ambersons Doubleday, Page & Co. (1918) Novel Indiana
1920 Not awarded[a]
1921 Edith wharton face.jpg Edith Wharton
(1862–1937)
The Age of Innocence D. Appleton & Company (1920) Novel New York
1922 Booth Tarkington cph.3b27122.jpg Booth Tarkington
(1869–1949)
Alice Adams Doubleday, Page & Co. (1921) Novel Indiana
1923 Willa Cather - The Borzoi.jpg Willa Cather
(1873–1947)
One of Ours Alfred A. Knopf (1922) Novel Virginia
1924 Margaret Wilson
(1882–1973)
The Able McLaughlins Harper & Brothers (1923) Debut novel Iowa
1925 Edna-Ferber-1928.jpg Edna Ferber
(1885–1968)
So Big Grosset & Dunlap (1924) Novel Michigan
1926 Lewis-Sinclair-LOC.jpg Sinclair Lewis
(1885–1951)
Arrowsmith[b] Harcourt Brace & Co. (1925) Novel Minnesota
1927 Louis-Bromfield-1933.jpg Louis Bromfield
(1896–1956)
Early Autumn Amereon Ltd (1926) Novel Ohio
1928 Thornton Wilder - 1948.jpg Thornton Wilder
(1897–1975)
The Bridge of San Luis Rey Albert & Charles Boni (1927) Novel Wisconsin
1929 Julia Peterkin.jpg Julia Peterkin
(1880–1961)
Scarlet Sister Mary Bobbs-Merrill Company (1928) Novel South Carolina
1930 Oliver La Farge
(1901–1963)
Laughing Boy Houghton Mifflin (1929) Novel New York
1931 Margaret Ayer Barnes
(1886–1967)
Years of Grace Houghton Mifflin (1930) Novel Illinois
1932 Pearl Buck (Nobel).jpg Pearl S. Buck
(1892–1973)
The Good Earth John Day Company (1931) Historical fiction West Virginia
1933 T. S. Stribling.jpg T. S. Stribling
(1881–1965)
The Store Doubleday, Doran (1932) Novel Tennessee
1934 Caroline Miller
(1903–1992)
Lamb in His Bosom Harper & Brothers (1933) Debut novel Georgia
1935 Josephine Winslow Johnson
(1910–1990)
Now in November Simon & Schuster (1934) Debut novel Missouri
1936 Harold L. Davis
(1894–1960)
Honey in the Horn Harper & Brothers (1935) Debut novel Oregon
1937 Margaret Mitchell NYWTS.jpg Margaret Mitchell
(1900–1949)
Gone with the Wind Macmillan Publishers (1936) Novel Georgia
1938 John Philips Marquand
(1893–1960)
The Late George Apley Little, Brown and Company (1937) Epistolary novel Delaware
1939 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings.jpg Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
(1896–1953)
The Yearling Charles Scribner's Sons (1938) Young adult novel Washington, D.C.
1940 John Steinbeck 1939 (cropped).jpg John Steinbeck
(1902–1968)
The Grapes of Wrath Viking Press (1939) Novel California
1941 Not awarded[c]
1942 Portrait of Ellen Glasgow.jpg Ellen Glasgow
(1873–1945)
In This Our Life Jonathan Cape (1941) Novel Virginia
1943 Upton Sinclair 1.jpg Upton Sinclair
(1878–1968)
Dragon's Teeth Viking Press (1942) Historical fiction Maryland
1944 Martin Flavin
(1883–1967)
Journey in the Dark Harper & Brothers (1943) Novel California
1945 Portrait of John Hersey LCCN2004663004.jpg John Hersey
(1914–1993)
A Bell for Adano Alfred A. Knopf (1944) War novel New York
(born in Tianjin, China)
1946 Not awarded[d]
1947 Robert Penn Warren.jpg Robert Penn Warren
(1905–1989)
All the King's Men Harcourt, Brace & Company (1946) Political fiction Kentucky
1948 James Albert Michener · DN-SC-92-05368.JPEG James A. Michener
(1907–1997)
Tales of the South Pacific Macmillan Publishers (1947) Interrelated short stories,
Book debut
Pennsylvania
1949 James Gould Cozzens
(1903–1978)
Guard of Honor Harcourt, Brace & Company (1948) War novel Illinois
1950 A. B. Guthrie 1923 (page 32 crop).jpg A. B. Guthrie
(1901–1991)
The Way West William Sloane Associates (1949) Western fiction Indiana
1951 Conrad Richter
(1890–1968)
The Town Alfred A. Knopf (1950) Novel Pennsylvania
1952 Herman Wouk (cropped).jpg Herman Wouk
(1915–2019)
The Caine Mutiny Doubleday (1951) Historical fiction New York
1953 Ernest Hemingway 1950 crop.jpg Ernest Hemingway
(1899–1961)
The Old Man and the Sea Charles Scribner's Sons (1952) Short novel Illinois
1954 Not awarded[e]
1955 Carl Van Vechten - William Faulkner (greyscale and cropped).jpg William Faulkner
(1897–1962)
A Fable Random House (1954) Novel Mississippi
1956 MacKinlay Kantor (1950).jpg MacKinlay Kantor
(1904–1977)
Andersonville Penguin Books (1955) Historical fiction Iowa
1957 Not awarded[f]
1958 James Agee
(1909–1955)
A Death in the Family
(posthumous win)
McDowell, Obolensky (1957) Autobiographical novel Tennessee
1959 Robert Lewis Taylor
(1912–1998)
The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters Doubleday (1958) Historical fiction Illinois
1960 Allen Drury
(1918–1998)
Advise and Consent Doubleday (1959) Political fiction,
Debut novel
Texas
1961 Harper Lee Nov07.JPG Harper Lee
(1926–2016)
To Kill a Mockingbird J. B. Lippincott & Co. (1960) Southern Gothic,
Bildungsroman,
Debut novel
Alabama
1962 Edwin O'Connor
(1918–1968)
The Edge of Sadness Little, Brown and Company (1961) Novel Rhode Island
1963 Carl Van Vechten - William Faulkner (greyscale and cropped).jpg William Faulkner
(1897–1962)
The Reivers
(posthumous win)
Random House (1962) Novel Mississippi
1964 Not awarded[g]
1965 Shirley-ann-grau.jpg Shirley Ann Grau
(1929–2020)
The Keepers of the House Alfred A. Knopf (1964) Novel Louisiana
1966 Katherine Anne Porter
(1890–1980)
Collected Stories Harcourt Brace (1965) Short story collection Texas
1967 Bernard Malamud portrait.jpg Bernard Malamud
(1914–1986)
The Fixer Farrar, Straus & Giroux (1966) Novel New York
1968 William Styron, author, cropped (2).jpg William Styron
(1925–2006)
The Confessions of Nat Turner Random House (1967) Novel Virginia
1969 N. Scott Momaday
(b. 1934)
House Made of Dawn Harper & Row (1968) Novel Oklahoma
1970 Jean Stafford
(1915–1979)
Collected Stories Farrar, Straus & Giroux (1969) Short story collection California
1971 Not awarded[h]
1972 Wallace Stegner
(1909–1993)
Angle of Repose Doubleday (1971) Novel Iowa
1973 Eudora-Welty-1962.jpeg Eudora Welty
(1909–2001)
The Optimist's Daughter Random House (1972) Short novel Mississippi
1974 Not awarded[i]
1975 Michael Shaara
(1928–1988)
The Killer Angels David McKay Publications (1974) Historical fiction New Jersey
1976 Saul Bellow (Herzog portrait).jpg Saul Bellow
(1915–2005)
Humboldt's Gift Viking Press (1975) Novel Illinois
(born in Quebec, Canada)
1977 Not awarded[j]
1978 James Alan McPherson
(1943–2016)
Elbow Room Little, Brown (1977) Short story collection Georgia
1979 Johncheever.jpg John Cheever
(1912–1982)
The Stories of John Cheever Alfred A. Knopf (1978) Short story collection Massachusetts

1980s to 2020s[]

Entries from this point on include the finalists listed for each year.

Year Winner Work Genre(s) Author's origin Finalists
1980 Norman Mailer 1948 (cropped).jpg Norman Mailer
(1923–2007)
The Executioner's Song Little, Brown (1979) True crime novel New Jersey
  • William Wharton, Birdy
  • Philip Roth, The Ghost Writer
1981 John Kennedy Toole
(1937–1969)
A Confederacy of Dunces
(posthumous win)
Louisiana State University Press (1980) Picaresque novel Louisiana
  • Frederick Buechner, Godric
  • William Maxwell, So Long, See You Tomorrow
1982 John Updike with Bushes new.jpg John Updike
(1932–2009)
Rabbit Is Rich Alfred A. Knopf (1981) Novel Pennsylvania
  • Robert Stone, A Flag for Sunrise
  • Marilynne Robinson, Housekeeping
1983 Alice Walker.jpg Alice Walker
(b. 1944)
The Color Purple Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (1982) Epistolary novel Georgia
  • Anne Tyler, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant
  • Chaim Grade, Rabbis and Wives
1984 William Kennedy
(b. 1928)
Ironweed Viking Press (1983) Novel New York
  • Raymond Carver, Cathedral
  • Thomas Berger, The Feud
1985 Alison Lurie
(1926–2020)
Foreign Affairs Random House (1984) Novel Illinois
  • Diana O'Hehir, I Wish This War Were Over
  • Douglas Unger, Leaving the Land
1986 Larry McMurtry
(1936–2021)
Lonesome Dove Simon & Schuster (1985) Western novel Texas
  • Russell Banks, Continental Drift
  • Anne Tyler, The Accidental Tourist
1987 Peter Taylor in 1941 (cropped).jpg Peter Taylor
(1917–1994)
A Summons to Memphis Alfred A. Knopf (1986) Novel Tennessee
  • Donald Barthelme, Paradise
  • Norman Rush, Whites
1988 Toni Morrison.jpg Toni Morrison
(1931–2019)
Beloved Alfred A. Knopf (1987) Novel Ohio
  • Diane Johnson, Persian Nights
  • Alice McDermott, That Night
1989 Anne Tyler
(b. 1941)
Breathing Lessons Alfred A. Knopf (1988) Novel Minnesota
  • Raymond Carver, Where I'm Calling From
1990 Hijuelos.jpg Oscar Hijuelos
(1951–2013)
The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1989) Novel New York
1991 John Updike with Bushes new.jpg John Updike
(1932–2009)
Rabbit At Rest Alfred A. Knopf (1990) Novel Pennsylvania
1992 Jane smiley 2009.jpg Jane Smiley
(b. 1949)
A Thousand Acres Alfred A. Knopf (1991) Domestic Realism California
  • David Gates, Jernigan
  • Robert M. Pirsig, Lila: An Inquiry into Morals
  • Don DeLillo, Mao II
1993 Robert Olen Butler 2016.jpg Robert Olen Butler
(b. 1945)
A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain Henry Holt (1992) Short story collection Illinois
  • Alice McDermott, At Weddings and Wakes
  • Joyce Carol Oates, Black Water
1994 2018-us-nationalbookfestival-annie-proulx.jpg E. Annie Proulx
(b. 1935)
The Shipping News Charles Scribner's Sons (1993) Novel Connecticut
  • Philip Roth, Operation Shylock: A Confession
  • Reynolds Price, The Collected Stories
1995 Carol Shields
(1935–2005)
The Stone Diaries Random House (1993) Novel Illinois
1996 Ford, Richard -MBFI.jpg Richard Ford
(b. 1944)
Independence Day Alfred A. Knopf (1995) Novel Mississippi
1997 Steven Millhauser
(b. 1943)
Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer Crown Publishers (1996) Novel New York
1998 Philip Roth - 1973.jpg Philip Roth
(1933–2018)
American Pastoral Houghton Mifflin (1997) Novel New Jersey
  • Robert Stone, Bear and His Daughter: Stories
  • Don DeLillo, Underworld
1999 Michael Cunningham JB by David Shankbone.jpg Michael Cunningham
(b. 1952)
The Hours Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1998) Historical fiction Ohio
2000 Jhumpa Lahiri (2015).png Jhumpa Lahiri
(b. 1967)
Interpreter of Maladies Houghton Mifflin (1999) Short story collection Rhode Island
(born in London, United Kingdom)
(lives in Rome, Italy)
2001 Michael Chabon by Gage Skidmore.jpg Michael Chabon
(b. 1963)
The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay Random House (2000) Historical fiction Washington, D.C.
  • Joyce Carol Oates, Blonde
  • Joy Williams, The Quick and the Dead
2002 Richard Russo.jpg Richard Russo
(b. 1949)
Empire Falls Alfred A. Knopf (2001) Novel New York
  • Colson Whitehead, John Henry Days
  • Jonathan Franzen, The Corrections
2003 Jeffrey Eugenides 2017.jpg Jeffrey Eugenides
(b. 1960)
Middlesex Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2002) Family saga Michigan
  • Andrea Barrett, Servants of the Map: Stories
  • Adam Haslett, You Are Not a Stranger Here
2004 Edward P. Jones
(b. 1950)
The Known World Amistad Press (2003) Historical fiction Washington, D.C.
  • Susan Choi, American Woman
  • Marianne Wiggins, Evidence of Things Unseen
2005 Marilynne robinson 8405.jpg Marilynne Robinson
(b. 1943)
Gilead Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2004) Epistolary Novel Idaho
  • Ward Just, An Unfinished Season
  • Ha Jin, War Trash
2006 Geraldine Brooks 2002.jpg Geraldine Brooks
(b. 1955)
March Viking Press (2005) Historical fiction New York
(born in Sydney, Australia)
  • Lee Martin, The Bright Forever
  • E. L. Doctorow, The March
2007 Cormac McCarthy (Child of God author portrait - high-res).jpg Cormac McCarthy
(b. 1933)
The Road Alfred A. Knopf (2006) Post-apocalyptic fiction Rhode Island
2008 Junot Díaz (cropped).jpg Junot Díaz
(b. 1968)
The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao Riverhead Books (2007) Novel New Jersey
(born in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic)
  • Lore Segal, Shakespeare's Kitchen
  • Denis Johnson, Tree of Smoke
2009 Elizabeth Strout 2015.jpg Elizabeth Strout
(b. 1956)
Olive Kitteridge[k] Random House (2008) Interrelated short stories Maine
  • Christine Schutt, All Souls
  • Louise Erdrich, The Plague of Doves
2010 Paul Harding
(b. 1967)
Tinkers[l] Bellevue Literary Press (2009) Debut novel Massachusetts
2011 Jennifer Egan BBF 2010 Shankbone.jpg Jennifer Egan
(b. 1962)
A Visit from the Goon Squad[m] Alfred A. Knopf (2010) Interrelated short stories Illinois
  • Jonathan Dee, The Privileges
  • Chang-rae Lee, The Surrendered
2012 Not awarded[11]
  • Karen Russell, Swamplandia!
  • David Foster Wallace, The Pale King (posthumous nominee)
  • Denis Johnson, Train Dreams
2013 Adam Johnson Writer Water Meter.JPG Adam Johnson
(b. 1967)
The Orphan Master's Son[n] Random House (2012) Novel South Dakota
2014 Donna Tartt
(b. 1963)
The Goldfinch[o] Little, Brown and Company (2013) Novel Mississippi
  • Philipp Meyer, The Son
  • Bob Shacochis, The Woman Who Lost Her Soul
2015 Anthony Doerr (2015).jpg Anthony Doerr
(b. 1973)
All the Light We Cannot See[p] Charles Scribner's Sons (2014) War novel Ohio
  • Richard Ford, Let Me Be Frank with You
  • Joyce Carol Oates, Lovely, Dark, Deep
  • Laila Lalami, The Moor's Account
2016 Viet Thanh Nguyen - 2015 National Book Festival.JPG Viet Thanh Nguyen
(b. 1971)
The Sympathizer[q] Grove Press (2015) Debut novel California
(born in Buôn Ma Thuột, Vietnam)
  • Kelly Link, Get in Trouble: Stories
  • Margaret Verble, Maud's Line
2017 Colson whitehead 2009.jpg Colson Whitehead
(b. 1969)
The Underground Railroad[r] Doubleday (2016) Alternate historical novel New York
2018 Pulitzer2018-andrew-sean-greer-20180530-wp.jpg Andrew Sean Greer
(b. 1970)
Less[s] Little, Brown and Company (2017) Satirical novel Washington, D.C.
  • Hernan Diaz, In the Distance
  • Elif Batuman, The Idiot
2019 Richard Powers (author).jpg Richard Powers
(b. 1957)
The Overstory[t] W. W. Norton & Company (2018) Novel Illinois
  • Rebecca Makkai, The Great Believers
  • Tommy Orange, There There
2020 Colson whitehead 2009.jpg Colson Whitehead
(b. 1969)
The Nickel Boys[u] Doubleday (2019) Novel New York
2021 Louise erdrich 8199.jpg Louise Erdrich
(b. 1954)
The Night Watchman[v] Harpercollins (2020) Novel Minnesota
  • Daniel Mason, A Registry of My Passage Upon the Earth
  • Percival Everett, Telephone

Repeat winners[]

Four writers to date have won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction multiple times, one nominally in the novel category and two in the general fiction category. Ernest Hemingway was selected by the 1941 and 1953 juries, but the former was overturned and no 1941 award was given.[c]

  • Booth Tarkington, 1919, 1922
  • William Faulkner, 1955, 1963 (awarded posthumously)
  • John Updike, 1982, 1991
  • Colson Whitehead, 2017, 2020

Notes[]

  1. ^ First-time fiction juror Stuart P. Sherman initially recommended Joseph Hergesheimer's for the award; he rescinded his recommendation when the other jurors informed him that the word "whole" in a key phrase of the original description of the award, "the whole atmosphere of American life", had been subsequently been changed to "wholesome".[4]
  2. ^ Lewis declined the prize.[5]
  3. ^ a b The fiction jury had recommended the 1941 award be shared by The Trees by Conrad Richter and The Ox-Bow Incident by Walter Van Tilburg Clark. While the Pulitzer Board initially intended to give the award to the jury's third choice, Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls, the president of Columbia University, Nicholas Murray Butler, persuaded the board to reverse its judgment because he deemed the novel offensive, and no award was given that year.[4][6]
  4. ^ Though Apartment in Athens by Glenway Wescott, The Wayfarers by Dan Wickenden, and Black Boy by Richard Wright were each championed by at least one juror, the jury as a whole could not reach a consensus; one point of contention over Black Boy specifically was that the book is a memoir, not a novel.[4]
  5. ^ The two-man fiction jury could not agree on a single book to recommend to the Advisory Board, so no award was given; among the books recommended by juror Eric P. Kelly were Ramey by , The Sands of Karakorum by James Ullman, The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow, and The Four Lives of Mundy Tolliver by Ben Lucien Burman, while juror Harris F. Fletcher recommended The Street of the Three Friends by Myron Brinig and The Deep Sleep by Wright Morris[4]
  6. ^ The fiction jury had recommended the 1957 award to Elizabeth Spencer's , but the Pulitzer board, which has sole discretion for awarding the prize, made no award.
  7. ^ "Among the books the judges most seriously considered were the following: (1) Norman Fruchter's Coat Upon a Stick…, (2) May Sarton's novella Joanna and Ulysses…, (3) Sumner Locke Elliott's Careful, He Might Hear You…, [and] (4) John Killens' And Then We Heard the Thunder… If a prize were to be awarded for a 1963 novel we felt these to be the most serious candidates." However, the fiction jury ultimately recommended that no award be given because "no one of them imposes itself upon us as demanding recognition as 'distinguished fiction'…."[4]
  8. ^ The three novels the Pulitzer committee put forth for consideration to the Pulitzer board were: Losing Battles by Eudora Welty; Mr. Sammler's Planet by Saul Bellow; and The Wheel of Love by Joyce Carol Oates. The board rejected all three and opted for no award.[7]
  9. ^ The fiction jury had unanimously recommended the 1974 award to Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow, but the Pulitzer board, which has sole discretion for awarding the prize, made no award.[6]
  10. ^ The fiction jury had recommended the 1977 award to Norman MacLean's A River Runs Through It, but the Pulitzer board, which has sole discretion for awarding the prize, made no award. That same year, however, Alex Haley's iconic family saga Roots was awarded a special Pulitzer Prize.[6]
  11. ^ "A collection of 13 short stories set in small-town Maine that packs a cumulative emotional wallop, bound together by polished prose and by Olive, the title character, blunt, flawed and fascinating."[8]
  12. ^ "A powerful celebration of life in which a New England father and son, through suffering and joy, transcend their imprisoning lives and offer new ways of perceiving the world and mortality."[9]
  13. ^ "An inventive investigation of growing up and growing old in the digital age, displaying a big-hearted curiosity about cultural change at warp speed."[10]
  14. ^ "An exquisitely crafted novel that carries the reader on an adventuresome journey into the depths of totalitarian North Korea and into the most intimate spaces of the human heart."[12]
  15. ^ "A beautifully written coming-of-age novel with exquisitely drawn characters that follows a grieving boy's entanglement with a small famous painting that has eluded destruction, a book that stimulates the mind and touches the heart."[13]
  16. ^ "An imaginative and intricate novel inspired by the horrors of World War II and written in short, elegant chapters that explore human nature and the contradictory power of technology."[14]
  17. ^ "A layered immigrant tale told in the wry, confessional voice of a "man of two minds" -- and two countries, Vietnam and the United States."[15]
  18. ^ "For a smart melding of realism and allegory that combines the violence of slavery and the drama of escape in a myth that speaks to contemporary America."[16]
  19. ^ "A generous book, musical in its prose and expansive in its structure and range, about growing older and the essential nature of love."[17]
  20. ^ "An ingeniously structured narrative that branches and canopies like the trees at the core of the story whose wonder and connectivity echo those of the humans living amongst them."[18]
  21. ^ "A spare and devastating exploration of abuse at a reform school in Jim Crow-era Florida that is ultimately a powerful tale of human perseverance, dignity and redemption."[19]
  22. ^ "A majestic, polyphonic novel about a community’s efforts to halt the proposed displacement and elimination of several Native American tribes in the 1950s, rendered with dexterity and imagination."[20]

References[]

  1. ^ "1917 Pulitzer Prizes". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 2018-04-19.
  2. ^ a b c "Pulitzer Prize for the Novel". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 2008-08-19.
  3. ^ a b Fischer, Erika J.; Fischer, Heinz D., eds. (2007). Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decisions and Documents. Munich, Germany: K. G. Saur Verlag. pp. 3–11. ISBN 978-3-598-30191-9. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e Hohenberg, John (1974). The Pulitzer Prizes: A History of the Awards in Books, Drama, Music, and Journalism, Based on the Private Files Over Six Decades. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 55, 143–44, 198, 204, 258. ISBN 0231038879.
  5. ^ McDowell, Edwin (1984-05-11). "Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  6. ^ a b c McDowell, Edwin. "PUBLISHING: PULITZER CONTROVERSIES". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-04-19. [I]n 1941, after both the jury and the board voted to give the fiction prize to Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls, Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Columbia and ex-officio chairman of the board, forced the board to change its vote because he found the book offensive.
  7. ^ Fischer, Heinz Dietrich; Fischer, Erika J. (1997). Novel/Fiction Awards 1917–1994: From Pearl S. Buck and Margaret Mitchell to Ernest Hemingway and John Updike. The Pulitzer Prize Archive. Vol. 10 (in part D, "Belles Lettres"). München: K.G. Saur. pp. LX–LXI. ISBN 9783110972115. OCLC 811400780.
  8. ^ "2009 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  9. ^ "2010 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  10. ^ "2011 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  11. ^ "2012 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  12. ^ "2013 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  13. ^ "2014 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  14. ^ "2015 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  15. ^ "2016 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  16. ^ "2017 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  17. ^ "2018 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  18. ^ "2019 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  19. ^ "2020 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  20. ^ "2021 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved 11 June 2021.

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