Qiongxiao Niangniang

Qiongxiao Niangniang (Chinese: 瓊宵娘娘; lit. 'Lady of the Jade Firmament'), also known as Zhao Qiongxiao, is a Chinese goddess of childbirth. She is the second of the Sanxiao Shengmu (Holy mothers of three skies, 三霄聖母) or Sanxiao Niangniang (Ladies of three stars, 三霄娘娘).^[1]^[2] Sanxiao Niangniang is also worshipped as the household deity or toilet god. It is said "the kitchen god was in the kitchen and Sanxiao was in the cottage".^[3]

Legend[]

According to the Investiture of the Gods, Zhao Qiongxiao is a female celestial aiding Grand Old Master Wen Zhong. She is one of the three younger sisters of the god of wealth Zhao Gongming. The three sisters were killed when fighting Jiang Ziya. Later, they were appointed as deities. They are worshipped as deities controlling smallpox and children's diseases.^[4]

Later on, she and her sisters Zhao Yunxiao and Zhao Bixiao were combined into three in one, known as Zhusheng Niangniang.^[1]^[5]

References[]

^ ^a ^b Chen, Fan-Pen Li (2007). Chinese Shadow Theatre: History, Popular Religion, and Women Warriors. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-3197-0.
^ Overmyer, Daniel (30 September 2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century: The Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4.
^ "The Dark History of Conferred Gods: Yunxiao was killed innocent by unspoken rules Jiang Taigong leaked the Yellow River and changed Shanxi folklore". INF News. 18 March 2021.
^ Stuart, Kevin; Li, Xuewei (1994). China's Dagur Minority: Society, Shamanism, & Folklore. University of Pennsylvania, Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies.
^ Yosano, Akiko (5 November 2001). Travels in Manchuria and Mongolia: A Feminist Poet from Japan Encounters Prewar China. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12319-8.

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[a-1] Chen, Fan-Pen Li (2007). Chinese Shadow Theatre: History, Popular Religion, and Women Warriors. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-3197-0.

[2] Overmyer, Daniel (30 September 2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century: The Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-2936-4.

[3] "The Dark History of Conferred Gods: Yunxiao was killed innocent by unspoken rules Jiang Taigong leaked the Yellow River and changed Shanxi folklore". INF News. 18 March 2021.

[4] Stuart, Kevin; Li, Xuewei (1994). China's Dagur Minority: Society, Shamanism, & Folklore. University of Pennsylvania, Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies.

[5] Yosano, Akiko (5 November 2001). Travels in Manchuria and Mongolia: A Feminist Poet from Japan Encounters Prewar China. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12319-8.

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