Racial misrepresentation
Racial misrepresentation occurs when someone deliberately misrepresents their racial or ethnic background. Racial misrepresentation may occur for a variety of reasons, such as the desire to benefit from affirmative action programs for which a person is not eligible.[1][2][3][4]
Another type of racial misrepresentation is following racial stereotypes (typically, negative racial stereotypes) rather than seeing people as they actually are.[5]
Notable cases[]
- Hilaria Baldwin
- H. G. Carrillo[6][7]
- Asa Earl Carter[8]
- Ward Churchill[4]
- "Iron Eyes" Cody[9][10]
- Rachel Dolezal[11][12][13]
- Jimmie Durham[14][15]
- Anita Florence Hemmings[16]
- Jamake Highwater[17][18][19]
- Margaret B. Jones (Margaret Seltzer)[20]
- Jessica Krug[21][7]
- [1]
- Nasdijj (Timothy Patrick Barrus)[20]
- Merle Oberon[22]
- Grey Owl[23][24][25]
- Korla Pandit[26][27]
- Andrea Smith[28][29][30][31][32]
- Elizabeth Warren[33][34][35][36][37]
See also[]
- Cultural appropriation
- Passing (race)
- Pretendian
References[]
- ^ a b Yang, Tseming (2006). "Choice and Fraud in Racial Identification: The Dilemma of Policing Race in Affirmative Action, the Census, and a Color-Blind Society". Mich. J. Race & L. 11: 367.
- ^ Brazil, Cleuci de Oliveira in Pelotas (8 June 2017). "'Race fraud': how a college quota scandal exposed Brazil's historic racial tensions". the Guardian. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ Weisskopf, Thomas E. (2004). Affirmative Action in the United States and India: A Comparative Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-99731-1.
- ^ a b Higginbotham, F. Michael (2010). Race Law: Cases, Commentary, and Questions. Carolina Academic Press. pp. 90–100. ISBN 978-1-59460-599-4.
- ^ Amutah, Christina; Greenidge, Kaliya; Mante, Adjoa; Munyikwa, Michelle; Surya, Sanjna L.; Higginbotham, Eve; Jones, David S.; Lavizzo-Mourey, Risa; Roberts, Dorothy; Tsai, Jennifer; Aysola, Jaya (March 4, 2021). "Misrepresenting Race — The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias". New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (9): 872–878. doi:10.1056/NEJMms2025768. PMID 33406326. S2CID 230820421.
- ^ Dillon, Nancy. "Coronavirus death of 'Cuban-American' novelist H.G. Carrillo reveals surprising truth to husband, fans". nydailynews.com.
- ^ a b Jackson, Lauren (September 12, 2020). "The Layered Deceptions of Jessica Krug, the Black-Studies Professor Who Hid That She Is White". The New Yorker.
- ^ Carter, Dan T. (October 4, 1991). "The Transformation of a Klansman". The New York Times.
- ^ Waldman, Amy (January 5, 1999). "Iron Eyes Cody, 94, an Actor And Tearful Anti-Littering Icon". The New York Times.
- ^ Aleiss, Angela (May 26, 1996). "Native Son: After a Career as Hollywood's Noble Indian Hero, Iron Eyes Cody is Found to Have an Unexpected Heritage". The New Orleans Times-Picayune.
- ^ Herbst, Diane (June 20, 2015). "How Rachel Dolezal's Cover as a Black Woman Was Blown". PEOPLE.com.
- ^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (June 12, 2015). "Black or White? Woman's Story Stirs Up a Furor". The New York Times.
- ^ Mimms, Sarah (July 6, 2015). "What Rachel Dolezal Left Behind". The Atlantic.
- ^ Meredith, America (2017-08-15). "Issues & Commentary: Ethnic Fraud and Art". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
- ^ Regan, Sheila. “Jimmie Durham Retrospective Reignites Debate Over His Claim of Native Ancestry,” Hyperallergic, June 28, 2017, hyperallergic.com.
- ^ Mancini, Olivia (Winter 2001). "Passing as White: Anita Hemmings 1897". Vassar, the Alumnae/i Quarterly.
- ^ Nagel, Joane (1997-09-25). American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the Resurgence of Identity and Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512063-9.
- ^ Hoxie, Frederick E. Encyclopedia of North American Indians: Native American History, Culture, and Life From Paleo-Indians to the Present. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006: 191-2. (retrieved through Google Books, 26 July 2009) ISBN 978-0-395-66921-1
- ^ Weaver, Jace (2001-11-01). Other Words: American Indian Literature, Law, and Culture. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3352-2.
- ^ a b Treuer, David (March 7, 2008). "Why do writers pretend to be Indians?". Slate Magazine.
- ^ Krug, Jessica A. (September 3, 2020). "The Truth, and the Anti-Black Violence of My Lies". Medium.com.
- ^ Liebman, Lisa (July 28, 2017). "The Fascinating Old Hollywood Story That Inspired The Last Tycoon's Best Plotline". Vanity Fair.
- ^ Irwin, Nigel (January 12, 2017). "Joseph Boyden's Apology and the Strange History of 'Pretendians' – Boyden is hardly the first person to be alleged to have faked Indigenous roots for material or spiritual gain". Vice Media. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
- ^ Murray, John (Apr 20, 2018). "APTN Investigates: Cowboys and Pretendians". Aboriginal Peoples Television Network. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
Canada's most famous pretendian is a man who called himself Grey Owl.
- ^ Smith, Donald B. (1990). From the Land of Shadows: the Making of Grey Owl. Saskatoon: Western Prairie Books.
- ^ Smith, RJ (June 21, 2001). "The Many Faces of Korla Pandit". Los Angeles Magazine. p. 73 – via Google Books.
- ^ Bradner, Liesl (September 12, 2015). "How a Black Man From Missouri Transformed Himself Into the Indian Liberace". The New Republic.
- ^ Viren, Sarah. "The Native Scholar Who Wasn't". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ Shorter, David (July 1, 2015). "Four Words for Andrea Smith: 'I'm Not an Indian'". Indian Country Today Media Network. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Allen, Samantha (July 11, 2015). "Tribes Blast 'Wannabe' Native American Professor". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2015-07-11.
- ^ Russell, Steve (July 1, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal Outs Andrea Smith Again; Will Anybody Listen This Time?". Indian Country Today Media Network. Archived from the original on August 5, 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
- ^ "Open Letter from Indigenous Women Scholars Regarding Discussions of Andrea Smith". Indian Country Today Media Network. July 7, 2015. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
- ^ Choi, Matthew (February 6, 2019). "Warren suggests 'American Indian' might appear on other documents". Politico. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
- ^ Hoskin Jr., Chuck (Oct 15, 2018). "Cherokee Nation responds to Senator Warren's DNA test". Cherokee Nation. Archived from the original on October 16, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Olmstead, Molly (February 6, 2019). "Report: Elizabeth Warren Identified as American Indian in Texas Bar Registration". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ Linskey, Annie (February 5, 2019). "Elizabeth Warren apologizes for calling herself Native American". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
- ^ Tarlo, Shira (February 6, 2019). "Elizabeth Warren apologizes for identifying as Native American on Texas bar registration card". Salon. Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
Categories:
- Race-related controversies
- Academic scandals
- History of racism in the United States
- Impostors
- Racial hoaxes
- Hoaxes in the United States