Response to the State of the Union address
The response to the State of the Union address is a rebuttal speech, often brief, delivered by a representative (or representatives) of an opposition party following a presidential State of the Union address. When the president is a Democrat, the rebuttal is typically given by a Republican, and vice versa.
The practice began in 1966 when Republican U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois) and U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan) appeared on TV to offer a response to the address by Democratic President Lyndon Johnson.[1] The opposition party's response has varied in format, ranging from a prerecorded 45-minute TV program in 1970[2] to a call-in show in 1972 where a panel of congressmen answered unrehearsed questions from callers.[1] Since the late 1980s, it usually has been a televised speech given soon after the State of the Union address.[1]
Four people have given both a State of the Union address and an opposition response: Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Joe Biden.[3][4]
List of responses[]
| Date | President | Response given by[1][4] |
|---|---|---|
| January 12, 1966 | Lyndon Johnson | U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois) U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan) |
| January 10, 1967 | U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois) U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan) | |
| January 17, 1968 | U.S. Senators Howard Baker (Tennessee), Peter Dominick (Colorado), Robert Griffin (Michigan), Thomas Kuchel (California), George Murphy (California), Chuck Percy (Illinois), Hugh Scott (Pennsylvania), and John Tower (Texas) U.S. Representatives George Bush (Texas), Gerald Ford (Michigan), Mel Laird (Wisconsin), Bob Mathias (California), Dick Poff (Virginia), Al Quie (Minnesota), Charlotte Reid (Illinois), and Bill Steiger (Wisconsin) | |
| January 22, 19701 | Richard Nixon | U.S. Senators Scoop Jackson (Washington), Mike Mansfield (Montana), Ed Muskie (Maine), and Bill Proxmire (Wisconsin) U.S. Representatives Donald Fraser (Minnesota), John McCormack (Massachusetts), and Patsy Mink (Hawaii) |
| January 22, 1971 | U.S. Senator Mike Mansfield (Montana) | |
| January 20, 1972 | U.S. Senators Lloyd Bentsen (Texas), Frank Church (Idaho), Tom Eagleton (Missouri), and Bill Proxmire (Wisconsin) U.S. Representatives Carl Albert (Oklahoma), Hale Boggs (Louisiana), John Brademas (Indiana), Martha Griffiths (Michigan), John Melcher (Montana), Ralph Metcalfe (Illinois), and Leonor Sullivan (Missouri) | |
| January 20, 1974 | U.S. Senator Mike Mansfield (Montana) | |
| January 15, 1975 | Gerald Ford | U.S. Senator Hubert Humphrey (Minnesota) U.S. Representative Carl Albert (Oklahoma) |
| January 19, 1976 | U.S. Senator Ed Muskie (Maine) | |
| January 19, 1978 | Jimmy Carter | U.S. Senator Howard Baker (Tennessee) U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona) |
| January 23, 1979 | U.S. Senator Howard Baker (Tennessee) U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona) | |
| January 23, 1980 | U.S. Senator Ted Stevens (Alaska) U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona) | |
| January 26, 19821 | Ronald Reagan | U.S. Senators Robert Byrd (West Virginia), Alan Cranston (California), Gary Hart (Colorado), Bennett Johnston (Louisiana), Ted Kennedy (Massachusetts), Don Riegle (Michigan), Paul Sarbanes (Maryland), and Jim Sasser (Tennessee) U.S. Representatives Al Gore (Tennessee), Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts) |
| January 25, 19831 | U.S. Senators Joe Biden (Delaware), Bill Bradley (New Jersey), Robert Byrd (West Virginia), and Paul Tsongas (Massachusetts) U.S. Representatives Les AuCoin (Oregon), Tom Daschle (South Dakota), Bill Hefner (North Carolina), Barbara Kennelly (Connecticut), George Miller (California), Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts), Paul Simon (Illinois), and Tim Wirth (Colorado) | |
| January 25, 1984 | U.S. Senators Max Baucus (Montana), Joe Biden (Delaware), David Boren (Oklahoma), Robert Byrd (West Virginia), Dee Huddleston (Kentucky), Carl Levin (Michigan), and Claiborne Pell (Rhode Island) U.S. Representatives Barbara Boxer (California), Dante Fascell (Florida), Bill Gray (Pennsylvania), Tom Harkin (Iowa), and Tip O’Neill (Massachusetts) | |
| February 6, 19851 | Governors Bill Clinton (Arkansas) and Bob Graham (Florida) U.S. Representative Tip O’Neill (Massachusetts) | |
| February 4, 1986 | U.S. Senator George Mitchell (Maine) Governor Chuck Robb (Virginia) U.S. Representatives Tom Daschle (South Dakota) and Bill Gray (Pennsylvania) Lieutenant Governor Harriett Woods (Missouri) | |
| January 27, 1987 | U.S. Senator Robert Byrd (West Virginia) U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas) | |
| January 25, 1988 | U.S. Senator Robert Byrd (West Virginia) U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas) | |
| January 31, 1990 | George H. W. Bush | U.S. Representative Tom Foley (Washington) |
| January 29, 1991 | U.S. Senator George Mitchell (Maine) | |
| January 28, 1992 | U.S. Representative Tom Foley (Washington) | |
| January 25, 1994 | Bill Clinton | U.S. Senator Bob Dole (Kansas) |
| January 24, 1995 | Governor Christine Todd Whitman (New Jersey) | |
| January 23, 1996 | U.S. Senator Bob Dole (Kansas) | |
| February 4, 1997 | U.S. Representative J. C. Watts (Oklahoma) | |
| January 27, 1998 | U.S. Senator Trent Lott (Mississippi) | |
| January 19, 1999 | U.S. Representatives Jennifer Dunn (Washington) and Steve Largent (Oklahoma) | |
| January 27, 2000 | U.S. Senators Susan Collins (Maine) and Bill Frist (Tennessee) | |
| January 29, 2002 | George W. Bush | U.S. Representative Dick Gephardt (Missouri) |
| January 28, 2003 | Governor Gary Locke (Washington) | |
| January 23, 2004 | U.S. Senator Tom Daschle (South Dakota) U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi (California) | |
| February 2, 2005 | U.S. Senator Harry Reid (Nevada) U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi (California) | |
| January 31, 2006 | Governor Tim Kaine (Virginia) | |
| January 23, 2007 | U.S. Senator Jim Webb (Virginia) | |
| January 28, 2008 | Governor Kathleen Sebelius (Kansas) | |
| January 27, 2010 | Barack Obama | Governor Bob McDonnell (Virginia) |
| January 25, 2011 | English: U.S. Representative Paul Ryan (Wisconsin) | |
| Spanish: U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Florida) | ||
| January 24, 2012 | Governor Mitch Daniels (Indiana) | |
| February 12, 2013 | U.S. Senator Marco Rubio (Florida) – English and Spanish | |
| January 28, 2014 | English: U.S. Representative Cathy McMorris Rodgers (Washington) | |
| Spanish: U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Florida) | ||
| January 20, 2015 | English: U.S. Senator Joni Ernst (Iowa) | |
| Spanish: U.S. Representative Carlos Curbelo (Florida) | ||
| January 12, 2016 | English: Governor Nikki Haley (South Carolina) | |
| Spanish: U.S. Representative Mario Díaz-Balart (Florida) | ||
| January 30, 2018 | Donald Trump | English: U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III (Massachusetts) |
| Spanish: State Delegate Elizabeth Guzmán (Virginia) | ||
| February 5, 2019 | English: Former State Representative Stacey Abrams (Georgia) | |
| Spanish: State Attorney General Xavier Becerra (California) | ||
| February 4, 2020 | English: Governor Gretchen Whitmer (Michigan) | |
| Spanish: U.S. Representative Veronica Escobar (Texas) | ||
| March 1, 2022 | Joe Biden | Republican: Governor Kim Reynolds (Iowa) |
| Working Families: U.S. Representative Rashida Tlaib (Michigan)[5] | ||
| Congressional Black Caucus: U.S. Representative Colin Allred[6] | ||
| Problem Solvers Caucus (via No Labels): U.S Representatives Josh Gottheimer (D-New Jersey) and Brian Fitzpatrick (R-Pennsylvania) |
1Denotes prerecorded program
2A focus group participated in this televised discussion[7]
Non-State of the Union responses[]
In addition to responses to official State of the Union addresses, there have been five official responses to non-State of the Union speeches which were delivered soon after presidential inaugurations.
| Date | President | Address type | Response given by |
|---|---|---|---|
| February 9, 1989 | George H. W. Bush | First address to joint session of Congress | U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen (Texas) U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)[1] |
| February 17, 1993 | Bill Clinton | First address to joint session of Congress | U.S. Representative Bob Michel (Illinois)[1] |
| February 27, 2001 | George W. Bush | First address to joint session of Congress | U.S. Senator Tom Daschle (South Dakota) U.S. Representative Dick Gephardt (Missouri)[8] |
| February 24, 2009 | Barack Obama | First address to joint session of Congress | Governor Bobby Jindal (Louisiana)[9] |
| February 28, 2017 | Donald Trump | First address to joint session of Congress | English: Former Governor Steve Beshear (Kentucky) |
| Spanish: Activist Astrid Silva (Nevada)[10] | |||
| April 28, 2021 | Joe Biden | First address to joint session of Congress | Republican: U.S. Senator Tim Scott (South Carolina)[11] |
| Working Families: U.S. Representative Jamaal Bowman (New York)[12] |
References[]
- ^ a b c d e f "Opposition Responses to the State of the Union Messages" (PDF). Senate.gov. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
- ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. p. 47. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- ^ Polus, Sarah (April 28, 2021). "Biden Becomes Just Fourth President to Have Given Both SOTU Rebuttal and Joint Address". The Hill. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
- ^ a b "U.S. Senate: Opposition Responses to the State of the Union Address". www.senate.gov. United States Senate. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ "Squad member to deliver response to Biden SOTU". POLITICO. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
- ^ "Dallas Rep. Colin Allred to give Congressional Black Caucus response to Biden's State of the Union". Dallas News. 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
- ^ Henderson, Nia-Malika (20 January 2015). "This is the best/worst State of the Union response ever. And, yes, Bill Clinton is prominently featured". Washington Post. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ "The Democratic Response". PBS.org. February 27, 2001. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Transcript of Gov. Jindal's GOP response to Obama speech". CNN. February 24, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ^ "Democrats Pick Ex-Kentucky Governor To Respond To Trump Speech To Congress". NPR. February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
- ^ "GOP Sen. Tim Scott to deliver GOP response for Biden address to Congress". CNN.com. April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ "Rep. Jamaal Bowman Delivers WFP Response to Biden Joint Address". Working Families Party. 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
Sources[]
- "Televised Opposition Responses to the President's Annual Message". Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
Categories:
- State of the Union addresses