Revive & Restore

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Revive & Restore
Established2012
FounderRyan Phelan and Stewart Brand
Location
  • Sausalito
Websitereviverestore.org

Revive & Restore is a California-based nonprofit that works to bring biotechnologies to conservation biology, with the mission to enhance biodiversity through the genetic rescue of endangered and extinct animals.

Activities[]

The group was incubated by the Long Now Foundation and co-founded by Stewart Brand and Ryan Phelan in 2012 [1] with the idea of advancing the science of de-extinction of the passenger pigeon, the heath hen,[2] and the woolly mammoth.[3] Afterwards the group's work has expanded to bring back genetic diversity through the cloning of historic, cryopreserved cell lines. This has resulted in the birth of "Elizabeth Ann" the first cloned US endangered species.[4] The cells had been frozen for 32 years from deceased black-footed ferret named "Willa".[5] Revive & Restore also helped with the restoration of a clone (named "Kurt") of Przewalski's horse ("the most endangered horse in the world"), from cells frozen 40 years previously.[6] the result of a collaboration between San Diego Zoo Global, ViaGen Equine and Revive & Restore. The cloning was carried out by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), whereby a viable embryo is created by transplanting the DNA-containing nucleus of a somatic cell into an immature egg cell (oocyte) that has had its own nucleus removed, producing offspring genetically identical to the somatic cell donor.[7] Since the oocyte used was from a domestic horse, this was an example of interspecies SCNT.[8]

Other projects[]

Additional funded projects address the seven sea turtle species, albatross, abalone, jonah crab, narwhal, sea cucumber, coral, Xerces blue, jaguar, joshua tree, sunflower sea star, six whale species, takahē, binturong, quoll, chinook salmon, sun bear, and long-toed salamander .[9]

Criticism[]

De-extinction has been criticized as too costly, consuming funds that could be used for other conservation goals, well as characterized as a distraction from currently endangered species.[10] The dialog challenges us to consider “unintended” and “intended consequences”. There is concern both that “The American chestnut, for example, will not survive without intervention” and that using genetics to avert this is nevertheless unwarranted.[11] Revive & Restore is also mentioned in the 2021 documentary film, " [de]".[12]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ John Markoff (Apr 19, 2021). "The Butterfly Effect". Alta.
  2. ^ "Bringing back the Passenger Pigeon". Feb 8, 2012.
  3. ^ Nathaniel Rich (Feb 27, 2014). "The Mammoth Cometh". NY Times.
  4. ^ Sabrina Imbler (Feb 18, 2021). "Meet Elizabeth Ann, the First Cloned Black-Footed Ferret". NY Times.
  5. ^ Michelle Taylor,Editor-in-Chief (Feb 23, 2021). "32-Year-Old DNA Used to Clone Endangered Ferret Species". Laboratory Equipment. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  6. ^ Daisy Hernandez (Oct 26, 2020). "Scientists Cloned the Most Endangered Horse in the World—From 40-Year-Old DNA". Popular Mechanics.
  7. ^ Tian, X. Cindy; Kubota, Chikara; Enright, Brian; Yang, Xiangzhong (2003-11-13). "Cloning animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer – biological factors". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 1 (1): 98. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-1-98. ISSN 1477-7827. PMC 521203. PMID 14614770.
  8. ^ Lagutina, Irina; Fulka, Helena; Lazzari, Giovanna; Galli, Cesare (October 2013). "Interspecies Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: Advancements and Problems". Cellular Reprogramming. 15 (5): 374–384. doi:10.1089/cell.2013.0036. ISSN 2152-4971. PMC 3787369. PMID 24033141.
  9. ^ "Revive & Restore Projects". Retrieved Jul 16, 2021.
  10. ^ Steph Yin (Mar 20, 2017). "We Might Soon Resurrect Extinct Species. Is It Worth the Cost?". NY Times.
  11. ^ Paul Robbins, Ryan Phelan (June 15, 2021). "To Restore Biodiversity, Embrace Biotech's 'Intended Consequences'". Scientific American.
  12. ^ Nick Gillespie (Mar 31, 2021). "We Are As Gods: Stewart Brand & The Fight to Bring Back Woolly Mammoths". Reason.
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