Richard Kirwan

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Richard Kirwan
Kirwan Richard portrait.jpg
Richard Kirwan[1]
Born1 August 1733 (1733-08)
, County Galway
Died22 June 1812 (1812-06-23) (aged 78)
Dublin
NationalityIrish
Known forPhlogiston
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry

Richard Kirwan, LL.D, FRS, FRSE MRIA (1 August 1733 – 22 June 1812) was an Irish geologist and chemist. He was one of the last supporters of the theory of phlogiston.

Kirwan was active in the fields of chemistry, meteorology, and geology. He was widely known in his day, corresponding and meeting with Lavoisier, Black, Priestley, and Cavendish.

Life and work[]

A burning glass owned by Richard Kirwan

Richard Kirwan was born at , County Galway, the second son of Martin Kirwan of Cregg (d.1741), and his wife, Mary French (d.1751).[2] He was a descendant of William Ó Ciardhubháin and a member of The Tribes of Galway. Part of his early life was spent abroad, and in 1754 he entered the Jesuit novitiate either at St Omer or at Hesdin, but returned to Ireland in the following year, when he succeeded to the family estates through the death of his brother in a duel. Kirwan married "Miss Blake" in 1757, but his wife only lived eight more years. The couple had two daughters, Maria Theresa and Eliza.[3]

In 1766, having conformed to the established religion two years previously, Kirwan was called to the Irish bar, but in 1768 abandoned practice in favour of scientific pursuits. During the next nineteen years he resided chiefly in London, enjoying the society of the scientific men living there, and corresponding with many savants on the continent of Europe, as his wide knowledge of languages enabled him to do with ease. His experiments on the specific gravities and attractive powers of various saline substances formed a substantial contribution to the methods of analytical chemistry, and in 1782 gained him the Copley medal from the Royal Society, of which he was elected a fellow in 1780; and in 1784 he was engaged in a controversy with Henry Cavendish in regard to the latter's experiments on air. He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1784 and a member of the American Philosophical Society[4] in 1786.

In 1787 Kirwan moved to Dublin, where, in 1799, he became president of the Royal Irish Academy until his death. To its proceedings he contributed some thirty-eight memoirs, dealing with meteorology,[5] pure and applied chemistry, geology, magnetism and philology. One of these, on the primitive state of the globe and its subsequent catastrophe, involved him in a lively dispute with the upholders of the Huttonian theory. His geological work was marred by an implicit belief in the universal deluge, and through finding fossils associated with the trap rocks near Portrush he maintained basalt was of aqueous origin.

An essay on phlogiston, 1789 edition

Kirwan was one of the last supporters in Britain and Ireland of the theory of phlogiston, for which he contended in his Essay on Phlogiston and the Constitution of Acids (1787), identifying phlogiston with hydrogen. This work, translated by Marie-Anne Pierette Paulze, was published in French with critical notes by Lavoisier and some of his associates; Kirwan attempted to refute their arguments, but they proved too strong for him, and he acknowledged himself a convert in 1791.

There is evidence to suggest that Kirwan was a member of the Society of the United Irishmen,[6] a revolutionary republican organisation in 18th century Ireland. The United Irishmen were founded as a reformist club by a group of Irish radical Protestants and Presbyterians in 1791, influenced by the American and French revolutions. Gradually becoming more militant; the Society advocated for Catholic emancipation, and the overthrow in Ireland of British rule. This movement culminated in the defeat of the United Irishmen in the 1798 Rebellion and the Act of Union.

At the time of the Union, Kirwan refused a baronetcy and died in Dublin in June 1812, and was buried there in St. George's Church, Lower Temple Street.

Eccentricities[]

Various stories are told of Kirwan's eccentricities as well as of his conversational powers. It is said that flies "were his especial aversion; he kept a pet eagle, and was attended by six large dogs."[7] Kirwan disliked flies and paid his servants for each time they were killed. He also disliked late visitors and had his door-knocker removed each evening at seven o'clock.[8]

Kirwan suffered from dysphagia and always dined alone.[9] He lived on an exclusive diet of ham and milk. The ham was cooked on Sunday and reheated for the rest of the week.[9] Kirwan was obsessed with avoiding a cold. He heated his living room all year round with a fire and always wore an overcoat indoors.[9]

Honours and activities[]

Books[]

Richard Kirwan – Portrait by Hugh Douglas Hamilton[3]

References[]

  1. ^ Berry, Henry Fitz-Patrick (1915). A History of the Royal Dublin Society. London: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 154–158. ISBN 1-4374-5669-3. Retrieved 15 December 2007.
  2. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Reilly, R.; N. O'Flynn (February 1930). "Richard Kirwan, an Irish Chemist of the Eighteenth Century". Isis. 13 (2): 298–319. doi:10.1086/346457. S2CID 144506691.
  4. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  5. ^ Dixon, F. E. (December 1969). "Some Irish Meteorologists". The Irish Astronomical Journal. 9: 113–119. Bibcode:1969IrAJ....9..113D.
  6. ^ Deane, S. & B. Mac Suibhne (2008). "Science and Medicine in Nineteenth-Century Ireland". Field Day Review. 2: 285–293.
  7. ^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1887). "Kirwan, Richard" . Dictionary of National Biography. 11. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 228–230.
  8. ^ Foster, John Wilson. (1998). Nature in Ireland: A Scientific and Cultural History. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 93. ISBN 0-7735-1816-9
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c Shaw, Karl. (2009). Curing Hiccups with Small Fires: A Delightful Miscellany of Great British Eccentrics. Pan MacMillan. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-752-22703-0
  10. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28 July 2014.

The Irish Builder vol.XXXIV No.792 p. 269, 15 December 1892

Further reading[]

  • Akeroyd, Michael (2003). "The Lavoisier-Kirwan debate and approaches to the evaluation of theories". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (published May 2003). 988 (1): 293–301. Bibcode:2003NYASA.988..293A. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06110.x. PMID 12796114. S2CID 29844133.
  • Brockman, C. J. (1927). "Richard Kirwan – Chemist, 1733 – 1812". Journal of Chemical Education. 4 (10): 1275–1282. Bibcode:1927JChEd...4.1275B. doi:10.1021/ed004p1275. Retrieved 30 December 2007.[dead link]
  • Donovan, M. (1848). "Memoir of R. Kirwan". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 4: 81.
  • Mauskopf, Seymour (2002). "Richard Kirwan's phlogiston theory: its success and fate". Ambix (published November 2002). 49 (3): 185–205. doi:10.1179/amb.2002.49.3.185. PMID 12833914. S2CID 170853908.
  • Reilly, D. (May 1950). "Irish Chemical Pioneers of 150 Years Ago". Journal of Chemical Education. 27 (5): 237–240. Bibcode:1950JChEd..27..237R. doi:10.1021/ed027p237.
  • Reilly, R.; N. O'Flynn (February 1930). "Richard Kirwan, an Irish Chemist of the Eighteenth Century". Isis. 13 (2): 298–319. doi:10.1086/346457. S2CID 144506691.
  • Smith, Edgar Fahs (1926). "Forgotten Chemists". Journal of Chemical Education. 3 (1): 29–40. Bibcode:1926JChEd...3...29S. doi:10.1021/ed003p29.
  • Wyse Jackson, Patrick (1998). "Richard Kirwan (1733–1812): Chemist and Geologist". Irish Chemical News. 12: 36–39.
  • Deane, S. & B. Mac Suibhne (2008). "Science and Medicine in Nineteenth-Century Ireland". Field Day Review. 2: 285–293.

External links[]

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kirwan, Richard". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 834.

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