Riverside Drive (Manhattan)

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For other uses, see Riverside Drive (disambiguation).

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Riverside Drive
1 Riverside Drive 2008 jeh.jpg
1 Riverside Drive at 72nd Street, (C.P.H. Gilbert, architect. Now a satellite location for the Islamic Cultural Center of New York)
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
OwnerCity of New York
Maintained byNYCDOT
LocationManhattan, New York City
South end72nd Street in Upper West Side
North end181st Street in Washington Heights
EastWest End Avenue (72nd–107th Sts)
Broadway (107th–159th Sts)
Fort Washington Avenue (159th–168th Sts)
Haven Avenue (168th–181st Sts)
WestHenry Hudson Parkway
Construction
CommissionedMarch 1811
Completion1910[1]
The park side under record snowfall in the blizzard of February 2006

Riverside Drive is a scenic north–south thoroughfare in the Manhattan borough of New York City. The boulevard runs on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, generally parallel to the Hudson River from 72nd Street to near the George Washington Bridge at 181st Street. North of 96th Street, Riverside Drive is a wide divided boulevard. At several locations, a serpentine local street diverges from the main road, providing access to the residential buildings. Some of the city's most coveted addresses are located along its route.

History[]

Development[]

The 191 acres (0.77 km2) of land in the original park between 72nd to 125th Streets were originally inhabited by the Lenape people, but by the 18th century were used for farms.[2]: 68  In 1846, the Hudson River Railroad (later the West Side Line and Hudson Line) was built along the waterfront, connecting New York City to Albany.[3]: 3 [4] In 1865, Central Park commissioner William R. Martin put forth the first proposal for a riverside park along the Hudson River.[3]: 3 [4][5] An act providing for such was presented to the Legislature by commissioner Andrew Haswell Green in 1866 and approved the same year.[6]: 9  The first segment of Riverside Park was acquired through condemnation in 1872.[1] The park also included the construction of Riverside Drive (then known as Riverside Avenue), a tree-lined drive curving around the valleys and rock outcroppings, overlooking the future park and the waterfront. The avenue was laid out in 1868 and was 100 feet (30 m) wide for its entire length.[6]: 9 [7] The plans for Riverside Park and Avenue brought the attention of William M. Tweed, who bought several lots adjacent to the park in anticipation of its construction.[6]: 9 

A selection process for the designers of Riverside Park followed, and in 1873 the commissioners selected Frederick Law Olmsted, a park commissioner who had also designed Central Park.[3]: 4 [4] Initially, Riverside Avenue had been planned to run in a straight line, which would have required a retaining wall and extensive fill.[2]: 69  By then, the difficult topography of the area had come to the attention of the Manhattan park commissioners, and in 1873 Olmsted was given the authorization to redesign the grade of Riverside Avenue. To accommodate this, Olmsted devised a new plan that would create a main road extending from 72nd to 123rd Streets, with overpasses at 79th and 96th Streets, as well as "carriage roads" to serve the nearby neighborhood. The grade of the road was not to exceed 1:27.[2]: 71 [6]: 10 [7] Riverside Avenue's main road would contain two roadways, one for each direction, separated by a median. A pedestrian path and a horse path would run alongside the avenue, and trees would provide shade along the route.[2]: 71 

Over the following years, work proceeded on Riverside Avenue, with various ramps and stairs to the park as well as a bridle path between 104th and 120th Streets. In 1876 Olmsted was asked to create plans for the design of the avenue as a country drive, but ultimately it was paved. In late 1876, bids were accepted for paving of Riverside Avenue.[6]: 10  Olmsted was ousted as parks superintendent in December 1877.[8] From 1875 to 1910, architects and horticulturalists such as Calvert Vaux and Samuel Parsons laid out the stretch of park/road between 72nd and 125th Streets according to the English gardening ideal, creating the appearance that the park was an extension of the Hudson River Valley.[1] The avenue was opened in 1880 and was well-used by walkers, bikers, and drivers. The viaduct across 96th Street remained incomplete until 1902.[6]: 11  In 1908, the avenue was renamed Riverside Drive.[6]: 10 

Expansion of Riverside Park[]

Main article: Riverside Park (Manhattan)

In the 1930s, New York Central Railroad's rail track north of 72nd Street was covered in a Robert Moses project called the West Side Improvement.[9] Moses' biographer Robert Caro described Moses surveying the area prior to his project, and seeing:

a wasteland six miles (10 km) long, stretching from where he stood all the way north to 181st street.... The 'park' was nothing but a vast low-lying mass of dirt and mud.... Unpainted, rusting, jagged wire fences along the tracks barred the city from its waterfront...The engines that pulled trains along the tracks burned coal or oil; from their smokestacks a dense black smog rose toward the apartment houses, coating windowsills with grit.... [a stench] seemed to hang over Riverside Drive endlessly after each passage of a train carrying south to the slaughterhouses in downtown Manhattan carload after carload of cattle and pigs.... [Once, Frances Perkins ] heard Moses exclaim, "Isn't this a temptation to you? Couldn't this waterfront be the most beautiful thing in the world?" [10]

The Moses project, which was bigger than the Hoover Dam project, created the Henry Hudson Parkway, buried the West Side Line in the Freedom Tunnel, and greatly expanded Riverside Park. It was so skillfully done that many believe the park and road are set on a natural slope.[11]

Riverside Park, part of the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway, is now a scenic waterfront public park on the narrow 4 miles (6.4 km) strip of land between the Hudson River and Riverside Drive. It is approximately 267 acres (108 ha).

Riverside South[]

Main article: Riverside South, Manhattan
Riverside Boulevard looking south from 69th Street.

In the 1980s Donald Trump, then owner of the 57 acres (230,000 m2) of land just south of Riverside Park that had been the Penn Central freight rail yard, proposed a very large real estate development project.[12] However, hampered by his weakened financial condition and opposed by six civic groups (Municipal Art Society, Natural Resources Defense Council, TNew Yorkers for Parks, Regional Plan Association, Riverside Park Fund, and Westpride), Trump agreed in 1990 to their plan, which was designed to mimic Riverside Park and Drive further north. Though scaled down, the project is still the second biggest private real estate venture under construction in New York City.[13][14]

The agreed-upon plan would expand Riverside Park by 23 acres (93,000 m2) and extend Riverside Drive to the south as Riverside Boulevard.. The new Riverside Park South, stretching between 72nd and 59th streets, is the central element of the development. Portions of the former rail yard, such as the New York Central Railroad 69th Street Transfer Bridge, are incorporated into the new park.[15]

Route[]

Starting at 72nd Street, Riverside Drive passes through the Manhattan neighborhoods of the Upper West Side, Morningside Heights, over Manhattanville in West Harlem by way of the Riverside Drive Viaduct and through Washington Heights. Below 72nd Street, Riverside Drive continues as Riverside Boulevard which stretches through Riverside South to 59th Street where it merges into the West Side Highway.

Only a few stretches of Riverside Drive were built along an older road; due to the hilly terrain, Riverside Drive crosses a natural cleft in the bedrock at 87th Street on an iron viaduct and passes over 96th Street, Tiemann Place and 135th Street, and 158th Street on further viaducts. At Tiemann Place and 135th Street, and at 158th Street, an old alignment is present, also named Riverside Drive, while the viaduct portion or main route is officially named and signed "Riverside Drive West". The viaduct between Tiemann Place and 135th Street is called the "Riverside Drive Viaduct", as it is the most notable of the Riverside Drive viaducts.

At its north end, Riverside Drive merges with the northbound lanes of the Henry Hudson Parkway. In 2005, the retaining wall of Castle Village collapsed onto both Riverside Drive and the northbound lanes of the Henry Hudson Parkway.[16] The wall was repaired and the roadway reopened in March 2008.[17]

Riverside Drive terminated at Grant's Tomb in a cul-de-sac, prior to the construction of the Manhattan Valley viaduct, spanning 125th Street, completed in 1900. North of 158th Street the right of way which currently carries the name Riverside Drive was known as Boulevard Lafayette, which led to Plaza Lafayette in Hudson Heights. The section exiting the parkway at the Dyckman Street exit and ending at Broadway is still known as Riverside Drive.

The M5 New York City Bus route serves Riverside Drive from 72nd to 135th Streets. The Bx6 and Bx6 SBS terminate at Riverside Drive and 158th Street.[18]

Riverside Drive Viaduct[]

The elevated steel highway of the Riverside Drive Viaduct, built in 1901, runs between Tiemann Place and 135th Street above Twelfth Avenue. It is shouldered by masonry approaches, though the span proper was made of open hearth medium steel, comprising twenty-six spans, or bays. The south and north approaches are of rock-faced Mohawk Valley limestone with Maine granite trimmings, the face work being of coursed ashlar. The girders over Manhattan Street (now 125th Street) were the largest ever built at the time. The broad plaza effect of the south approach was designed to impart deliberate grandeur to the natural terminus of much of Riverside Drive's traffic as well as to give full advantage to the vista overlooking the Hudson River and New Jersey Palisades to the west.[19][20]

  • 125th Street Viaduct

  • Under construction

  • Below, facing north

  • Below, facing south

F. Stuart Williamson was the chief engineer for the viaduct, which constituted a feat of engineering technology. Despite the viaduct's important utilitarian role as a highway, the structure was also a strong symbol of civic pride, inspired by America's late 19th-century City Beautiful movement. The viaduct's original roadway, wide pedestrian walks and overall design were sumptuously ornamented, creating a prime example of public works that married form and function. An issue of Scientific American magazine in 1900 remarked that the Riverside Drive Viaduct's completion afforded New Yorkers "a continuous drive of ten miles along the picturesque banks of the Hudson and Harlem Rivers."[21] The viaduct underwent a two-year-long reconstruction in 1961 and another in 1987.

Buildings and monuments[]

Residential buildings[]

Firemen's Memorial at 100th Street

The eastern side of Riverside Drive, once a series of luxuriously finished rowhouses interspersed with free-standing nineteenth century mansions set in large lawns, today is lined with luxury apartment buildings and some remaining town houses from 72nd to 118th Streets.

The brick-faced Schwab House occupies the site of "Riverside", built for steel magnate Charles M. Schwab, formerly the grandest and most ambitious house ever built on Manhattan Island. Among the more eye-catching apartment houses are the curved facades of The Colosseum and The Paterno and the Cliff-Dwellers Apartments at 96th Street, with mountain lions and buffalo skulls on its friezes. The Henry Codman Potter house at 89th Street is one of the few remaining mansions on Riverside Drive; it houses Yeshiva Chofetz Chaim. 310 Riverside Drive, a landmarked[22] 24-story Art Deco skyscraper, is near Columbia University and the 370 Riverside Drive building, which was erected in 1922–23 for approximately $800,000 by Simon Schwartz and Arthur Gross.[23]

Other structures[]

The Nicholas Roerich Museum is on 107th Street and Riverside Drive. The Interchurch Center and Riverside Church are located at 120th Street and Riverside Drive, while Sakura Park is located two blocks north. Other attractions on Riverside Drive include Riverbank State Park, Trinity Church Cemetery, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, and Fort Washington Park.

See also: Riverside Park (Manhattan) § Monuments

Among the monuments along its route are the Eleanor Roosevelt Monument at 72nd Street,[24] the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument at 89th Street,[25] Anna Hyatt Huntington's Joan of Arc at 93rd Street,[26] a monument to John Merven Carrère by Thomas Hastings at 99th Street,[27] Attilio Piccirilli's Fireman's Memorial at 100th Street,[28] and Grant's Tomb.

Notable residents[]

  • Marian Anderson (1897-1993), contralto and one of the most celebrated singers of the twentieth century; lived at 730 Riverside Drive.[29][30]
  • Hannah Arendt (1906-1975), political theorist, lived at 370 Riverside Drive from 1959 until her death in 1975.
  • Saul Bellow (1915-2005), author, lived at 333 Riverside Drive in the 1950s[31]
  • Rafael Díez de la Cortina y Olaeta (1859-1939), linguist, resident of 431 Riverside Drive[32]
  • Ralph Ellison (1913-1994), writer, longtime resident of 730 Riverside Drive.[30]
  • Alfred T. Fellheimer (1875-1959), lead architect for Grand Central Terminal and Cincinnati Union Terminal; lived at 730 Riverside Drive.[29]
  • George Gershwin (1898-1937), composer and pianist; occupied a penthouse at 33 Riverside Drive.[33]
  • Ira Gershwin (1896-1983), lyricist; occupied a penthouse at 33 Riverside Drive, adjoining his brother's apartment.[33]
  • Katie Halper, American comedian, writer, journalist, filmmaker, podcaster, political commentator, and teacher.[34]
  • William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951), newspaper publisher; owned a five-story penthouse in the Clarendon at 137 Riverside Drive[citation needed]
  • Jacob K. Javits (1904-1986), United States Senator from New York from 1957 to 1981; lived at 730 Riverside Drive.[29][30]
  • Uwe Johnson, German author, lived with his family from 1966 until 1968 at 243 Riverside Drive, today The Cliff Dwelling apartments[citation needed]
  • Paul Krugman bought an apartment on Riverside Drive with his Nobel Prize in economics money[citation needed]
  • J. Robert Oppenheimer and his family lived at 155 Riverside Drive on 88th Street.[35]
  • Sergei Rachmaninoff owned a townhouse at 33 Riverside Drive, the predecessor to the present apartment block.[36]
  • Grantland Rice, American sportswriter[37]
  • Jim Rogers, investor and financial commentator[citation needed]
  • Damon Runyon, American newspaper man and author[37]
  • Babe Ruth, lived at 173 Riverside Drive, then moved to 110 Riverside Drive from 1942 until his death in 1948[38]
  • Serge Sabarsky,[39] art dealer and art expert, lived at 110 Riverside Drive[40]
  • Thomas Sowell, American economist and social theorist, lived on the ground floor of a building on 152nd Street and Riverside Drive in the early 1950's. s[41]

In popular culture[]

Film

  • Robert's apartment building in Enchanted (2007) is 440 Riverside Drive
  • Kate's apartment building in Baby Mama (2008) is 210 Riverside Drive
  • The living room of Oscar Madison's "large eight-room affair on Riverside Drive in the upper eighties" is the setting of the Neil Simon comedy, The Odd Couple (1965).
  • In the movie Death Wish (1974), architect Paul Kersey (Charles Bronson) lives at 33 Riverside Drive.
  • In the movie You've Got Mail (1998), Joe Fox lives at 152 Riverside Drive using the screen name NY152.
  • The part of the drive over its eponymous viaduct has been seen in the movie The Amazing Spider-Man (2012).[42]
  • In the movie Vanilla Sky (2001), A deranged ex-girlfriend Julianna Gianni (played by Cameron Diaz) drives the lead character David Aames (Tom Cruise) off the road at 96th Street and Riverside Drive; The Cliff Dwelling at 243 Riverside Drive can be seen prominently in the background as the car breaks the bridge barrier, soars through the air and then off the bridge, severely injuring both characters and leaving Aames with a severe facial disfiguration.
  • Scenes from Woody Allen's Manhattan (1979) were filmed at 265 Riverside Drive.[43]
  • Parts of the Walter Hill movie The Warriors (1979) were filmed at locations around Riverside Park.
  • Gloria's apartment and key scenes from the John Cassavetes film, Gloria (1980) were filmed inside apartments at 800 Riverside Drive, The Grinnell. The iconic shootout was filmed alongside 790 Riverside Drive, The Riviera.

Music

  • Riverside Drive on the viaduct is also seen during the climax of Lady Gaga's music video for "Marry the Night" (2011).
  • In the concert film Liza with a Z (1972), Liza Minnelli performs the number "Ring The Bells" about a woman who meets her dream man while traveling in Europe despite the fact that, initially unbeknownst to them, they'd been living next door to each other at 5 Riverside Drive.
  • The hard rock band Tora Tora have a song called "Riverside Drive" on their debut album (1992).

Literature

  • In P. G. Wodehouse's Piccadilly Jim, published in 1917, Riverside Drive is mentioned in the opening lines as a "breezy and expensive boulevard" with one of its "leading eyesores" being the home of Financier Peter Pett and his crime novelist wife Nesta Ford.
  • In the novel Illuminatus (1975), the character Joe Malik lives in a brownstone on Riverside Drive.
  • In F. Scott Fitzgerald's first novel, This Side of Paradise, Amory visits Mrs. Lawrence on Riverside Drive and reflects that the open space feels more pleasant than the more crowded parts of the city.
  • In the novels by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child featuring Special Agent Pendergast, the main protagonist, Aloysius Pendergast, lives in his great-uncle's mansion at 891 Riverside Drive.
  • In the novel Jahrestage (Anniversaries) by German author Uwe Johnson, the main character Gesine Cresspahl and her daughter Marie live at 243 Riverside Drive.

Television

  • In the sitcom 30 Rock, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) lives at 168 Riverside Drive.
  • In the TV show Mad Men, copywriter Freddy Rumsen lives at 152 Riverside Drive.[44]
  • In the sitcom Will & Grace, Will lives at 155 Riverside Drive, as do Grace and Jack (Sean Hayes) at times throughout the series.
  • In the USA Network series White Collar, Neal Caffrey (Matt Bomer) lives in the 4th floor studio of a mansion owned by elderly widow June (Diahann Carroll), located 351 Riverside Drive (the Schinasi Mansion).
  • In the Amazon Studios series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, Midge (Rachel Brosnahan) and Joel (Michael Zegen) live in Apt 9C, located at 404 Riverside Drive (The Strathmore).

Theater

  • Bob Randall's play 6 Rms Riv Vu (1972) tells the story of a married advertising copywriter and a discontented housewife who both end up looking at the same Riverside Drive apartment. The door is locked accidentally, trapping them inside, and a connection slowly develops as they begin to share the details of their respective lives.
  • Between Riverside and Crazy is a 2014 play by Stephen Adley Guirgis.

Gallery[]

  • Near 165th Street

  • At 158th Street

  • At 145th Street

  • The 125th Street station on the IRT Seventh Avenue Line, seen from Riverside Drive's upper level

  • Curved facades of The Colosseum and The Paterno at 116th Street

  • At 96th Street, which passes under Riverside Drive

  • Riverside Drive's southern end at 72nd Street, looking north from the Eleanor Roosevelt Memorial Plaza

References[]

Notes

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c Park history, riversideparknyc.org. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Riverside Park Master Plan October 2017". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. November 2, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2019 – via Issuu.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c Grimm, E.; Schroeder, E.P. (2007). Riverside Park: The Splendid Sliver. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51219-0.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Riverside Park Highlights : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  5. ^ "Board of Commissioners of the Central Park - Documents: May 11, 1865 - January 11, 1866" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1866. pp. 3–5. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Riverside Park and Riverside Drive" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. February 9, 1980. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b "Board of Commissioners of the NYC Dept of Public Parks - Documents: January 20, 1874 - April 30, 1875" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1875. pp. 2–8. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  8. ^ Rosenzweig, Roy & Blackmar, Elizabeth (1992). The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. Cornell University Press. pp. 291–293. ISBN 0-8014-9751-5.
  9. ^ Stern et al., pp. 696 – 698.
  10. ^ Caro, Robert (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf. pp. 65–67. ISBN 978-0-394-48076-3. OCLC 834874.
  11. ^ Stern et al., pp. 698 – 700.
  12. ^ Leuck, Thomas J. "NBC Will Not Move to Television City", The New York Times, October 31, 1987. "The developer plans the world's tallest building – 150 floors of offices and apartments – and other structures that would include 7,600 apartments, a large shopping mall, a parking garage and a hotel."
  13. ^ Tierny, John (March 6, 1991) "'Art of the Deal,' Scaled-Back Edition" The New York Times
  14. ^ Dunlap, David W. (February 25, 1997) "In Trump Revision, Highway Stays and Park Goes", The New York Times
  15. ^ "Riverside Park South: Site History" Thomas Balsley Associates
  16. ^ "Board of Inquiry Report – Castle Village Retaining Wall Collapse" (PDF). New York City Department of Buildings. April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
  17. ^ Teal, Brett (23 November 2010). "Castle Village residents' 5-year reconstruction ordeal finally ends". Northattan. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  18. ^ "Manhattan Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  19. ^ John W. Ripley, C.E., Principal Assistant Engineer Riverside Viaduct, Transactions of the Association of Civil Engineers of Cornell University, 1901, "Riverside Viaduct," p. 95-105.
  20. ^ Eric K. Washington, Manhattanville: Old Heart of West Harlem, Arcadia – Images of America, 2002, ISBN 0-7385-0986-8
  21. ^ Riverside Drive Viaduct New York Scientific American, 1900-07-21
  22. ^ NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission Report on the Master Apartments (1989)
  23. ^ "370 Riverside Drive, New York City". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  24. ^ "Eleanor Roosevelt Memorial : NYC Parks". Riverside Park Monuments. June 26, 1939. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  25. ^ "Soldiers and Sailors Monument : NYC Parks". Riverside Park Monuments. June 26, 1939. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  26. ^ "Joan of Arc Memorial : NYC Parks". Riverside Park Monuments. June 26, 1939. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  27. ^ "John Merven Carrere Memorial : NYC Parks". Riverside Park Monuments. June 26, 1939. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  28. ^ "Firemen's Memorial : NYC Parks". Riverside Park Monuments. June 26, 1939. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c Beaumont Apartments, New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Accessed May 24, 2016. "The Beaumont housed a number of famous tenants over the years, including U.S. Representative Jacob K. Javits; architect Alfred Fellheimer; legendary African-American contralto Marian Anderson; and African-American writer Ralph W. Ellison, author of Invisible Man (1952), who lived in the building forfour decades until his death in 1994."
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b c Riverside Park - Invisible Man: A Memorial to Ralph Ellison, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed May 24, 2016. "Ellison lived near this part of Riverside Park at 730 Riverside Drive, also known as the Beaumont, a distinguished residence that was also home to United States Senator Jacob Javits and singer Marian Anderson."
  31. ^ Literary New York: a history and guide, Susan Edmiston, Linda D. Cirino, Houghton Mifflin, 1976 p. 268
  32. ^ David Saunders, George Delacourte Jr., [in:] Pulp Artists service 2004, available here
  33. ^ Jump up to: a b Kell, Jennifer Gould. "Ira Gershwin’s famed UWS penthouse available for a song", New York Post, October 14, 2015. Accessed May 24, 2016. "They enjoyed each other's company so much, in fact, that they lived in the same apartment building, occupying adjoining penthouses at 33 Riverside Drive."
  34. ^ "Making Politics Laughable". Chelsea News NY. October 27, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  35. ^ Broad, William J., "Why They Called It the Manhattan Project", New York Times, October 30, 2007. "Oppenheimer and his parents lived at 155 Riverside Drive, an elegant apartment building at West 88th Street. The superintendent, Joe Gugulski, said the family lived on the 11th floor, overlooking the Hudson River."
  36. ^ "Rachmaninoff, Buried in New York, May Return to Russia", New York Times, April 11, 1992. Accessed June 25, 2018."
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b Peter Salwen (1989). Upper West Side Story: A History and Guide. New York: Abbeville Books. p. 217. ISBN 0896598942.
  38. ^ Kell, Jennifer Gould and C.J. Sullivan. "You can own Babe Ruth’s two-bedroom UWS apartment for $1.6M", New York Post, August 31, 2015. Accessed June 25, 2018."
  39. ^ "Serge Sabarsky, 83, Art Dealer And Expert on Expressionism – New York Times". The New York Times. 1996-02-26. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
  40. ^ "Buchhandel.de".
  41. ^ A Personal Odyssey, Thomas Sowell, 2000, chapter 3 ISBN 0-684-86465-7.
  42. ^ Pesce, Nicole Lyn (July 2, 2012). "'The Amazing Spider-Man' brings the Big Apple to the big screen: From Broadway to Brooklyn". Daily News. New York City. Retrieved July 3, 2012. Print edition: July 3, 2012, pp. 40-41
  43. ^ Haughney, Christine (2010-12-27). "Penthouse Apartments Lose Their Exclusivity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
  44. ^ Mad Men, Season 2, Episode 9, Six Month Leave

Bibliography

  • Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Mellins, Thomas (2009) New York 1930. New York: Rizzoli.

External links[]


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