Robert Edward Black
Robert Edward Black is an American physician, epidemiologist, and professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.[1] He is a leading expert on prevention of childhood mortality and diseases, especially diarrheal diseases in low- and middle-income countries.[2]
Black graduated in 1971 with an M.D. from Drexel University College of Medicine (which through merger and name change became Drexel University College of Medicine) and in 1976 with an M.P.H. from the University of California, Los Angeles.[1]
His studies in Bangladesh, India, Peru and Zanzibar demonstrated that daily zinc supplementation significantly reduced the severity of diarrhea and pneumonia. These discoveries led the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF to recommend the global use of zinc for treatment of diarrhea, which has now been implemented in 40 low-income countries.[2]
In his research on childhood infectious diseases and nutritional problems, he was an epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and at institutions in Bangladesh and Peru.[3] He has served as an advisor in several international organizations[4] and has received numerous honors and awards.[1]
A keystone of Dr. Black’s work is identifying promising laboratory-based observations and evaluating them in human studies, both in clinical settings and in large-scale fieldwork, and then scaling the interventions to demonstrate their potential application around the world.[5]
He has done research on "field trials of vaccines, and nutritional interventions, effectiveness studies of health programs, and evaluation of health services in low- and middle-income countries."[3]
Black was elected in 2002 to the National Institute of Medicine (which in 2015 was renamed the National Academy of Medicine).[6] He received in 2011, with Ananda Prasad and Kenneth H. Brown, the Prince Mahidol Award in Public Health,[4] in 2011 the Canada Gairdner Global Health Award,[7][2] and in 2016 the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Humanitarian Award.[5]
Selected publications[]
- Black, Robert E.; Jackson, Richard J.; Tsai, Theodore; Medvesky, Michael; Shayegani, Mehdi; Feeley, James C.; MacLeod, Kenneth I. E.; Wakelee, Adah M. (1978). "Epidemic Yersinia enterocolitica Infection Due to Contaminated Chocolate Milk". New England Journal of Medicine. 298 (2): 76–79. doi:10.1056/NEJM197801122980204. PMID 579433.
- Morris, J. Glenn; Black, Robert E. (1985). "Cholera and Other Vibrioses in the United States". New England Journal of Medicine. 312 (6): 343–350. doi:10.1056/NEJM198502073120604. PMID 3881668.
- Arifeen, S.; Black, R. E.; Antelman, G.; Baqui, A.; Caulfield, L.; Becker, S. (2001). "Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infection and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums". Pediatrics. 108 (4): e67. doi:10.1542/peds.108.4.e67. PMID 11581475.
- Darmstadt, GL; Mao-Qiang, M.; Chi, E.; Saha, SK; Ziboh, VA; Black, RE; Santosham, M.; Elias, PM (2007). "Impact of topical oils on the skin barrier: Possible implications for neonatal health in developing countries". Acta Paediatrica. 91 (5): 546–554. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb03275.x. PMID 12113324. S2CID 540098.
- Black, Robert E.; Morris, Saul S.; Bryce, Jennifer (2003). "Where and why are 10 million children dying every year?". The Lancet. 361 (9376): 2226–2234. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13779-8. PMID 12842379. S2CID 14509705.
- Checkley, William; Gilman, Robert H.; Black, Robert E.; Epstein, Leonardo D.; Cabrera, Lilia; Sterling, Charles R.; Moulton, Lawrence H. (2004). "Effect of water and sanitation on childhood health in a poor Peruvian peri-urban community". The Lancet. 363 (9403): 112–118. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15261-0. PMID 14726164. S2CID 22746181.
- Bryce, Jennifer; Victora, Cesar G.; Habicht, Jean-Pierre; Vaughan, J. Patrick; Black, Robert E. (2004). "The Multi-Country Evaluation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Strategy: Lessons for the Evaluation of Public Health Interventions". American Journal of Public Health. 94 (3): 406–415. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.3.406. PMC 1448266. PMID 14998804.
- Penny, Mary E.; Creed-Kanashiro, Hilary M.; Robert, Rebecca C.; Narro, M Rocio; Caulfield, Laura E.; Black, Robert E. (2005). "Effectiveness of an educational intervention delivered through the health services to improve nutrition in young children: A cluster-randomised controlled trial". The Lancet. 365 (9474): 1863–1872. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66426-4. PMID 15924983. S2CID 21780644.
- Baqui, A.H.; Darmstadt, G.L.; Williams, E.K.; Kumar, V.; Kiran, T.U.; Panwar, D.; Srivastava, V.K.; Ahuja, R.; Black, R.E.; Santosham, M. (2006). "Rates, timing and causes of neonatal deaths in rural India: implications for neonatal health programmes" (PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 84: 706–713.
- Iannotti, Lora L.; Tielsch, James M.; Black, Maureen M.; Black, Robert E. (2006). "Iron supplementation in early childhood: Health benefits and risks". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 84 (6): 1261–1276. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1261. PMC 3311916. PMID 17158406.
- Black, Robert E.; Allen, Lindsay H.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Caulfield, Laura E.; De Onis, Mercedes; Ezzati, Majid; Mathers, Colin; Rivera, Juan; Maternal Child Undernutrition Study Group (2008). "Maternal and child undernutrition: Global and regional exposures and health consequences". The Lancet. 371 (9608): 243–260. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61690-0. PMID 18207566. S2CID 3910132.
- Roth, DE; Shah, R.; Black, RE; Baqui, AH (2010). "Vitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh". Acta Paediatrica. 99 (3): 389–393. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01594.x. PMID 19900174. S2CID 22591321.
- Friberg, Ingrid K.; Kinney, Mary V.; Lawn, Joy E.; Kerber, Kate J.; Odubanjo, M. Oladoyin; Bergh, Anne-Marie; Walker, Neff; Weissman, Eva; Chopra, Mickey; Black, Robert E.; Science In Action: Saving The Lives Of Africa's Mothers, Newborns; Axelson, H.; Cohen, B.; Coovadia, H.; Diab, R.; Nkrumah, F. (2010). "Sub-Saharan Africa's Mothers, Newborns, and Children: How Many Lives Could be Saved with Targeted Health Interventions?". PLOS Medicine. 7 (6): e1000295. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000295. PMC 2888572. PMID 20574515.
- Sazawal, Sunil; Dhingra, Usha; Hiremath, Girish; Sarkar, Archana; Dhingra, Pratibha; Dutta, Arup; Verma, Priti; Menon, Venugopal P.; Black, Robert E. (2010). "Prebiotic and Probiotic Fortified Milk in Prevention of Morbidities among Children: Community-Based, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial". PLOS ONE. 5 (8): e12164. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...512164S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012164. PMC 2921405. PMID 20730056.
- Fischer Walker, Christa L.; Aryee, Martin J.; Boschi-Pinto, Cynthia; Black, Robert E. (2012). "Estimating Diarrhea Mortality among Young Children in Low and Middle Income Countries". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29151. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729151F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029151. PMC 3250411. PMID 22235266.
- Saha, Samir K.; Al Emran, Hassan M.; Hossain, Belal; Darmstadt, Gary L.; Saha, Senjuti; Islam, Maksuda; Chowdhury, Atique I.; Foster, Dona; Naheed, Aliya; Arifeen, Shams El; Baqui, Abdullah H.; Qazi, Shamim A.; Luby, Stephen P.; Breiman, Robert F.; Santosham, Mathuram; Black, Robert E.; Crook, Derrick W.; Pneumococcal Study Group (2012). "Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype-2 Childhood Meningitis in Bangladesh: A Newly Recognized Pneumococcal Infection Threat". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e32134. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...732134S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032134. PMC 3316528. PMID 22479314.
- Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Black, Robert E. (2013). "Global Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health — So Near and Yet So Far". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (23): 2226–2235. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1111853. PMID 24304052.
- Muthayya, Sumithra; Rah, Jee Hyun; Sugimoto, Jonathan D.; Roos, Franz F.; Kraemer, Klaus; Black, Robert E. (2013). "The Global Hidden Hunger Indices and Maps: An Advocacy Tool for Action". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e67860. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...867860M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067860. PMC 3680387. PMID 23776712.
- Lanata, Claudio F.; Fischer-Walker, Christa L.; Olascoaga, Ana C.; Torres, Carla X.; Aryee, Martin J.; Black, Robert E.; Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of the World Health Organization UNICEF (2013). "Global Causes of Diarrheal Disease Mortality in Children <5 Years of Age: A Systematic Review". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e72788. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...872788L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072788. PMC 3762858. PMID 24023773.
- Christian, Parul; Mullany, Luke C.; Hurley, Kristen M.; Katz, Joanne; Black, Robert E. (2015). "Nutrition and maternal, neonatal, and child health". Seminars in Perinatology. 39 (5): 361–372. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2015.06.009. PMID 26166560.
- Boerma, Ties; et al. (2018). "Countdown to 2030: Tracking progress towards universal coverage for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health" (PDF). The Lancet. 391 (10129): 1538–1548. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30104-1. PMID 29395268. S2CID 4962114.
- Kancherla, Vijaya; Black, Robert E. (2018). "Historical perspective on folic acid and challenges in estimating global prevalence of neural tube defects". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1414 (1): 20–30. Bibcode:2018NYASA1414...20K. doi:10.1111/nyas.13601. PMID 29532513. S2CID 3861019.
- Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Gaffey, Michelle F.; Crump, John A.; Steele, Duncan; Breiman, Robert F.; Mintz, Eric D.; Black, Robert E.; Luby, Stephen P.; Levine, Myron M. (2018). "Typhoid Fever: Way Forward". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 99 (3_Suppl): 89–96. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0111. PMC 6128357. PMID 30047361.
- Black, Robert E.; Walker, Christa Fischer (2019). "Do Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions Prevent Childhood Diarrhea?". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 221 (8): 1241–1243. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz183. PMID 31049582.
- Blencowe, Hannah; Krasevec, Julia; De Onis, Mercedes; Black, Robert E.; An, Xiaoyi; Stevens, Gretchen A.; Borghi, Elaine; Hayashi, Chika; Estevez, Diana; Cegolon, Luca; Shiekh, Suhail; Ponce Hardy, Victoria; Lawn, Joy E.; Cousens, Simon (2019). "National, regional, and worldwide estimates of low birthweight in 2015, with trends from 2000: A systematic analysis". The Lancet Global Health. 7 (7): e849–e860. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30565-5. PMC 6560046. PMID 31103470.
- Osendarp, Saskia; Akuoku, Jonathan Kweku; Black, Robert E.; Headey, Derek; Ruel, Marie; Scott, Nick; Shekar, Meera; Walker, Neff; Flory, Augustin; Haddad, Lawrence; Laborde, David; Stegmuller, Angela; Thomas, Milan; Heidkamp, Rebecca (2021). "The COVID-19 crisis will exacerbate maternal and child undernutrition and child mortality in low- and middle-income countries". Nature Food. 2 (7): 476–484. doi:10.1038/S43016-021-00319-4. S2CID 237668023.
Books[]
- Merson, Michael; Black, Robert E.; Mills, Anne, eds. (2006). International Public Health: Diseases, Programs, Systems and Policies (2nd ed.). ISBN 9780763729677. 3rd edition. 2012. ISBN 9780763785598.
References[]
- ^ a b c "Robert Black, MD, Professor". Johns Hopkns Bloomberg School of Public Health.
- ^ a b c "Dr. Robert Black Receives Canada Gairdner Global Health Award". Johns Hopkns Bloomberg School of Public Health. March 23, 2011.
- ^ a b "Expert Biographies, Population and global health, Robert Black, Johns Hopkins University" (PDF). United Nations (un.org).
- ^ a b "Robert E. Black to Receive Prince Mahidol Award". Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. November 12, 2010.
- ^ a b "Simple, Affordable, and Scalable Interventions to Improve Global Health". National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. May 14, 2016.
- ^ "Robert E. Black, M.D." National Academy of Medicine.
- ^ "Robert Edward Black MD, MPH, John Dirks Canada Gairdner Global Health Award 2011". Canada Gairdner Foundation.
- American epidemiologists
- American public health doctors
- American nutritionists
- Physician-scientists
- Vaccinologists
- Drexel University alumni
- University of California, Los Angeles alumni
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health faculty
- Members of the National Academy of Medicine
- Living people