Robert Norman

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Illustration of magnetic dip from Norman's book, The Newe Attractive

Robert Norman was a 16th-century-English mariner, compass builder, and hydrographer who discovered magnetic inclination, the deviation of the Earth's magnetic field from the vertical.

Work[]

Robert Norman is noted for The Newe Attractive, a pamphlet published in 1581^[1] describing the lodestone (magnet) and practical aspects of navigation. More importantly, it included Norman's measurement of magnetic dip, the incline at an angle from the horizon by a compass needle discovered by Georg Hartmann in 1544. This effect is caused by the Earth's magnetic field not running parallel to the planet's surface. Norman demonstrated magnetic dip by creating a compass needle that pivoted on a horizontal axis. The needle tilted at a steep angle relative to the horizon line.

Magnetic inclination and local variations were known before Robert Norman, but his pamphlet had a greater influence than the earlier work^{[citation needed]}.

The crater Norman on the Moon is named in his honour.

Writings[]

• Norman, Robert (1721) [First published in 1581]. The newe attractive: shewing the nature, propertie, and manifold vertues of the loadstone : with the declination of the needle, touched therewith under the plaine of the horizon (Reprint ed.).

See also[]

• William Gilbert
• History of geomagnetism
• List of geophysicists
• Shen Kuo, discoverer of magnetic declination

References[]

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