Roman temple of Bziza
| Roman temple of Bziza | |
|---|---|
| Native name Arabic: معبد بزيزا | |
 Temple of Azizos in Bziza | |
| Location | Bziza, North Lebanon |
| Coordinates | 34°16′12″N 35°49′18″E / 34.2699°N 35.8216°ECoordinates: 34°16′12″N 35°49′18″E / 34.2699°N 35.8216°E |
| Built | 1st century AD |
| Built for | Azizos |
| Architectural style(s) | Ionic order, Roman |
  Temple of Bziza Location of Roman temple of Bziza in Lebanon | |
The Roman temple of Bziza is a well-preserved first century AD building dedicated to Azizos, a personification of the morning star in the Canaanite mythology. This Roman temple lends the modern Lebanese town of Bziza its current name as Bziza is a corruption of Beth Azizo meaning the house or temple of Azizos. Azizos is identified as Ares by Julian the Apostate.
The tetrastyle prostyle building has two doors that connect the pronaos to a square cella. To the back of the temple lie the remains of the adyton where images of the deity once stood. The ancient temple functioned as an aedes, the dwelling place of the deity. The temple of Bziza was converted into a church and underwent architectural modification during two phases of Christianization; in the Early Byzantine period and later in the Middle Ages. The church, colloquially known until modern times as the Lady of the Pillars, fell into disrepair. Despite the church's condition, Christian devotion was still maintained in the nineteenth century in one of the temple's niches.
The temple of Bziza is featured on multiple stamps issued by the Lebanese state.
History[]
Historical background[]
In 64 BC, the Roman general Pompey annexed Phoenicia to the Roman province of Syria after years of disorderly power vacuum caused by the Seleucid dynastic wars.[1][2] In his treatise on Phoenician history, Byblian writer Philo maintained that the gods and goddesses venerated in Phoenicia were Hellenized Phoenician deities.[3] The wave of cultural Hellenization created pan-Phoenician patriotism and a deeper attachment to pre-Hellenic religious traditions.[3] Phoenician devotion to ancient gods continued under Roman rule as described in the De dea Syria [On the Syrian Goddess] treatise by second century AD rhetor Lucian of Samosata. Lucian visited sacred cities of Syria, Phoenicia and the Libanus where numerous mountain sanctuaries were spreading all over the countryside.[4][5] Temple building, urbanization and monumentalization of cities was financed by generous endowments of client kings and wealthy citizens seeking to increase their power and sphere of influence. The prosperity of Roman Phoenicia was in turn fueled by maritime export and the elevation of numerous Phoenician cities to the status of Roman colony,[a] giving the inhabitants Roman citizenship.[6]
Construction[]
The temple of Bziza was built during the Julio-Claudian dynasty in the first century AD, at a time when Roman hegemony over the region was still being consolidated.[7] The Phoenicians perpetuated the ancient tradition of building high-altitude sanctuaries and sacred precincts.[8][9][10] Temples were situated on or overlooking mountain summits that were believed to be sacred dwellings of the gods and giants, guarded by archaic men and wild beasts.[5][11][9] Under the influence of suzerain powers, Phoenician temples were Hellenized then Romanized while maintaining balance between foreign elements and Semitic architectural archetypes, among which are tower altars, temenoi and cellas with elevated adytons.[12][13] The temple of Bziza adheres to this model, which characterized Romanized Phoenician temples.[14]
Decline[]
A policy of repression and persecution of paganism was initiated during the reign of Constantine I when he ordered the pillaging and destruction of Roman temples.[15][16] Constantine's son Constantius II issued a series of decrees that enforced the formal persecution of pagans;[17] he ordered the closing of all pagan temples and forbade pagan sacrifices under pain of death.[18] Under his reign ordinary Christians began to vandalise pagan temples, tombs and monuments.[19][20][21]
The temple of Bziza was converted into a church during the early Byzantine period between the fifth and sixth century[22][23] and underwent further structural modifications during the Middle Ages between the twelfth and the thirteenth century.[23][24] It is colloquially known as the Church of Our Lady of the Pillars (Arabic: كنيسة سيدة العواميد).[25][26]
Modern history[]
In 1838, French orientalist painters Antoine-Alphonse Montfort and visited and painted the temple ruins.[27] In 1860, French Semitic languages and civilizations expert Ernest Renan visited the temple; he explained that the Toponymy of Bziza as a corruption of the Phoenician Beth (or Beit) Azizo and attributed the town's temple to Azizos.[28][29][b] Flemish Jesuit orientalist Henri Lammens, who taught at Beirut's Saint Joseph University at the time, also visited the site in 1894 and took a photograph of the temple ruins.[30] Nineteenth-century paintings and early twentieth-century photographs show the removed chapel remains and the oak tree that took root inside of the temple.[31]
In the early twentieth century, German architectural historian Daniel Krencker conducted a survey of the site, later publishing his findings with the assistance of archaeologist in the book Römische Tempel in Syrien ("Roman Temples in Syria").[32] According to Krencker the chapel had been in ruins for a long time and a Christian devotion was still maintained in the nineteenth century in the "niche near the door".[23]
In 1965, the site was further excavated by Lebanese-Armenian archaeologist Harutune Kalayan,[33][34] uncovering the podium and an architectural plan of half of the front pediment etched on one of the temple walls.[35] In the 1990s, the Lebanese Directorate General of Antiquities cleared away parts of the chapel during restoration works to highlight the remains of the ancient temple; only the apses and a rectangular masonry pillar from the Christian chapel remain.[31]
The temple ruins of Bziza were featured on the 35 Lebanese piasters postage stamp in 1971, and on the 200 Lebanese piasters postage stamp in 1985. It appeared again on a 2002 Lebanese postage stamp.[36]