Rouen

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Rouen
Prefecture and commune
Rouen (37903223574).jpg
Palais de justice de Rouen (30812947341).jpg
Place du Vieux-Marché, Rouen (2).jpg
Gros Horloge, Rouen.jpg
Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Rouen, Tour de Beffroi.jpg
Rouen - Maison des Mariages-02.jpg
ROUEN2019 0062.jpg
Pont Gustave-Flaubert 4.JPG
From top to bottom, from left to right: partial view of the city and the Seine from Côte Sainte-Catherine; the courthouse; ; rue du , at night; Rouen Cathedral; the National Museum of Education; sailboats during the 2019 edition of the Armada; the Gustave-Flaubert Bridge.
Coat of arms of Rouen
Coat of arms
Location of Rouen
Rouen is located in France
Rouen
Rouen
Coordinates: 49°26′34″N 01°05′19″E / 49.44278°N 1.08861°E / 49.44278; 1.08861Coordinates: 49°26′34″N 01°05′19″E / 49.44278°N 1.08861°E / 49.44278; 1.08861
CountryFrance
RegionNormandy
DepartmentSeine-Maritime
ArrondissementRouen
Canton3 cantons
IntercommunalityMétropole Rouen Normandie
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Nicolas Mayer-Rossignol (PS)
Area
1
21.38 km2 (8.25 sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2017)
461.1 km2 (178.0 sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2017)
2,366.4 km2 (913.7 sq mi)
Population
 (Jan. 2018)[1]
111,360
 • Rank37th in France
 • Density5,200/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2017)
467,575
 • Urban density1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2017)
666,035
 • Metro density280/km2 (730/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
Websitewww.rouen.fr
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Rouen (UK: /ˈrɒ̃, ˈrɒn/, US: /rˈɒ̃, rˈɒn/;[2][3] French: [ʁwɑ̃] (About this soundlisten) or [ʁu.ɑ̃])[needs Norman IPA] is a city on the River Seine in northern France. It is the capital of the region of Normandy. Formerly one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe, the population of the metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine) is 666,035 (2017).[4] People from Rouen are known as Rouennais.

Rouen was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy during the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. From the 13th century onwards, the city experienced a remarkable economic boom, thanks in particular to the development of textile factories and river trade. Claimed by both the French and the English during the Hundred Years' War, it was on its soil that Joan of Arc was tried and burned alive on 30 May 1431. Severely damaged by the wave of bombing in 1944, it nevertheless regained its economic dynamism in the post-war period thanks to its industrial sites and its large seaport, which today is the fifth largest in France.

Endowed with a prestige established during the medieval era, and with a long architectural heritage in its historical monuments, Rouen is an important cultural capital. Several renowned establishments are located here, such as the Museum of Fine Arts, the Secq des Tournelles museum, and Rouen Cathedral.

Seat of an archdiocese, it also hosts a court of appeal and a university. Every four to six years, Rouen becomes the showcase for a large gathering of sailing ships called "L'Armada"; this event makes the city an occasional capital of the maritime world.

Administration[]

Rouen and its metropolitan area of 70 suburban communes form the Métropole Rouen Normandie, with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these suburbs are Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, Le Grand-Quevilly, Le Petit-Quevilly, and Mont-Saint-Aignan, each with a population exceeding 20,000.

Population[]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 84,323—    
1800 80,755−0.62%
1806 86,672+1.19%
1821 86,736+0.00%
1831 88,086+0.15%
1836 92,083+0.89%
1841 96,002+0.84%
1846 99,295+0.68%
1851 100,265+0.19%
1856 103,223+0.58%
1861 102,649−0.11%
1866 100,671−0.39%
1872 102,470+0.30%
1876 104,902+0.59%
1881 105,906+0.19%
1886 107,163+0.24%
1891 112,352+0.95%
1896 113,219+0.15%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 116,316+0.54%
1906 118,459+0.37%
1911 124,987+1.08%
1921 123,712−0.10%
1926 122,898−0.13%
1931 122,957+0.01%
1936 122,832−0.02%
1946 107,739−1.30%
1954 116,540+0.99%
1962 120,857+0.46%
1968 120,471−0.05%
1975 114,834−0.68%
1982 101,945−1.69%
1990 102,723+0.10%
1999 106,592+0.41%
2007 108,569+0.23%
2012 111,557+0.54%
2017 110,145−0.25%
Source: EHESS[5] and INSEE (1968-2017)[6]

History[]

Rouen was founded by the Gaulish tribe of the Veliocasses, who controlled a large area in the lower Seine valley. They called it Ratumacos; the Romans called it Rotomagus. It was considered the second city of Gallia Lugdunensis after Lugdunum (Lyon) itself. Under the reorganization of Diocletian, Rouen was the chief city of the divided province Gallia Lugdunensis II and reached the apogee of its Roman development, with an amphitheatre and thermae of which foundations remain. In the 5th century, it became the seat of a bishopric and later a capital of Merovingian Neustria.

From their first incursion into the lower valley of the Seine in 841, the Normans overran Rouen. From 912, Rouen was the capital of the Duchy of Normandy and residence of the local dukes, until William the Conqueror moved his residence to Caen.[7] In 1150, Rouen received its founding charter which permitted self-government.

During the 12th century, Rouen was the site of a yeshiva known as La Maison Sublime. Discovered in 1976, it is now a museum.[8] At that time, about 6,000 Jews lived in the town, comprising about 20% of the population.

On 24 June 1204 King Philip II Augustus of France entered Rouen and definitively annexed Normandy to the French Kingdom. He demolished the Norman castle and replaced it with his own, the Château Bouvreuil, built on the site of the Gallo-Roman amphitheatre. A textile industry developed based on wool imported from England, for which the cities of Flanders and Brabant were constantly competitors, and finding its market in the Champagne fairs. Rouen also depended for its prosperity on the river traffic of the Seine, on which it enjoyed a monopoly that reached as far upstream as Paris.

In the 13th-14th centuries urban strife threatened the city: in 1291, the mayor was assassinated and noble residences in the city were pillaged. Philip IV reimposed order and suppressed the city's charter and the lucrative monopoly on river traffic, but he was quite willing to allow the Rouennais to repurchase their old liberties in 1294. In 1306, he decided to expel the Jewish community of Rouen, then numbering some five or six thousand. In 1389, another urban revolt of the underclass occurred, the Harelle. It was suppressed with the withdrawal of Rouen's charter and river-traffic privileges once more.

During the Hundred Years' War, on 19 January 1419, Rouen surrendered to Henry V of England, who annexed Normandy once again to the Plantagenet domains but Rouen did not go quietly: Alain Blanchard hanged English prisoners from the walls, for which he was summarily executed while Canon and Vicar General of Rouen Robert de Livet became a hero for excommunicating the English king, resulting in de Livet's imprisonment for five years in England. Joan of Arc, who supported a return to French rule, was burned at the stake on 30 May 1431 in this city, where most inhabitants supported the duke of Burgundy, the French king's enemy. The king of France, Charles VII, recaptured the town in 1449.

Rouen was staunchly Catholic during the French Wars of Religion, and underwent an unsuccessful five-month siege in 1591/2 by the Protestant King Henry IV of France and an English force commanded by the Earl of Essex. A brief account by an English participant has survived. See 'Memoirs of Robert Carey', (F.H.Mares (ed.), Oxford, 1972), pp. 18–21.

The first competitive motor race drove from Paris to Rouen in 1894

During the German occupation in World War II, the Kriegsmarine had its headquarters located in a chateau on what is now the Rouen Business School. The city was heavily damaged during the same war on D-day, and its famed cathedral was almost destroyed by Allied bombs.

Main sights[]

Left to right: St Ouen, Notre Dame, St Maclou

Rouen is known for its Rouen Cathedral, with its Tour de Beurre (butter tower) financed by the sale of indulgences for the consumption of butter during Lent. The cathedral's gothic façade (completed in the 16th century) was the subject of a series of paintings by Claude Monet, some of which are exhibited in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris.

The Gros Horloge is an astronomical clock dating back to the 14th century.[9] It is located in the Gros Horloge street.

Place Barthélémy with the church St Maclou, 360°-panorama 2019
(view as a 360° interactive panorama)

Other famous structures include Rouen Castle, whose keep is known as the tour Jeanne d'Arc, where Joan of Arc was brought in 1431 to be threatened with torture (contrary to popular belief, she was not imprisoned there but in the since destroyed tour de lady Pucelle); the Church of Saint Ouen (12th–15th century); the Palais de Justice, which was once the seat of the Parlement (French court of law) of Normandy; the Gothic Church of St Maclou (15th century); and the Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics which contains a splendid collection of faïence and porcelain for which Rouen was renowned during the 16th to 18th centuries. Rouen is also noted for its surviving half-timbered buildings.

There are many museums in Rouen: the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, an art museum with pictures of well-known painters such as Claude Monet and Géricault; the Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire, a museum on the history of the port of Rouen and navigation; ,[10] an art and history museum with local works from the Bronze Age through the Renaissance, the Musée de la céramique and the .

The Jardin des Plantes de Rouen is a notable botanical garden once owned by Scottish banker John Law dated from 1840 in its present form. It was the site of Élisa Garnerin's parachute jump from a balloon in 1817.

In the centre of the Place du Vieux Marché (the site of Joan of Arc's pyre)[11] is the modern church of St Joan of Arc. This is a large, modern structure which dominates the square. The form of the building represents an upturned viking boat and a fish shape.[12]

Rouen was also home to the French Grand Prix, hosting the race at the nearby Rouen-Les-Essarts track sporadically between 1952 and 1968. In 1999 Rouen authorities demolished the grandstands and other remnants of Rouen's racing past. Today, little remains beyond the public roads that formed the circuit.

Rouen has its own palace of Rouen Opera House, whose formal name is Rouen Normandy Opera House – Theatre of Arts (in French: Opéra de Rouen Normandie – Théâtre des arts).

Climate[]

Rouen has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).

hideClimate data for Rouen (URO), elevation: 151 m (495 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1968–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.7
(58.5)
19.7
(67.5)
22.3
(72.1)
27.4
(81.3)
30.0
(86.0)
36.0
(96.8)
41.3
(106.3)
38.1
(100.6)
33.0
(91.4)
28.0
(82.4)
20.3
(68.5)
15.6
(60.1)
41.3
(106.3)
Average high °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5)
7.3
(45.1)
10.8
(51.4)
13.7
(56.7)
17.3
(63.1)
20.3
(68.5)
22.8
(73.0)
22.8
(73.0)
19.5
(67.1)
15.0
(59.0)
9.9
(49.8)
6.6
(43.9)
14.4
(57.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.7
(38.7)
4.2
(39.6)
7.0
(44.6)
9.2
(48.6)
12.7
(54.9)
15.5
(59.9)
17.8
(64.0)
17.8
(64.0)
14.9
(58.8)
11.4
(52.5)
7.0
(44.6)
4.2
(39.6)
10.5
(50.9)
Average low °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0)
1.1
(34.0)
3.2
(37.8)
4.7
(40.5)
8.1
(46.6)
10.7
(51.3)
12.8
(55.0)
12.8
(55.0)
10.4
(50.7)
7.8
(46.0)
4.1
(39.4)
1.7
(35.1)
6.6
(43.9)
Record low °C (°F) −17.1
(1.2)
−13.4
(7.9)
−10.4
(13.3)
−4.8
(23.4)
−2.2
(28.0)
1.1
(34.0)
5.9
(42.6)
5.0
(41.0)
2.1
(35.8)
−3.2
(26.2)
−8.3
(17.1)
−11.3
(11.7)
−17.1
(1.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 76.3
(3.00)
60.4
(2.38)
67.1
(2.64)
59.2
(2.33)
74.3
(2.93)
63.7
(2.51)
68.9
(2.71)
65.1
(2.56)
65.5
(2.58)
83.5
(3.29)
76.8
(3.02)
90.9
(3.58)
851.7
(33.53)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.0 10.3 11.9 10.7 11.8 9.5 9.4 9.0 9.7 12.4 13.0 13.0 133.6
Average snowy days 4.7 4.2 3.3 1.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 3.4 19.3
Average relative humidity (%) 90 86 83 78 79 80 79 80 84 89 90 91 84
Mean monthly sunshine hours 58.6 74.5 117.4 158.0 182.8 202.2 199.2 191.8 156.1 107.8 60.0 49.2 1,557.5
Source 1: Meteo France[13][14]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)[15]


Transport[]

Mainline trains operate from Gare de Rouen-Rive-Droite to Le Havre and Paris, and regional trains to Caen, Dieppe and other local destinations in Normandy. Daily direct trains operate to Amiens and Lille, and direct TGVs (high-speed trains) connect daily with Lyon and Marseille.

City transportation in Rouen consists of a tram and a bus system. The tramway branches into two lines out of a tunnel under the city centre. Rouen is also served by TEOR (Transport Est-Ouest Rouennais) and by buses run in conjunction with the tramway by TCAR (Transports en commun de l'agglomération rouennaise), a subsidiary of Transdev.

Rouen has its own airport.

The Seine is a major axis for maritime cargo links in the Port of Rouen. The Cross-Channel ferry ports of Caen, Le Havre, Dieppe (50 minutes) and Calais, and the Channel Tunnel are within easy driving distance (two and a half hours or less).

Education[]

The main schools of higher education are the University of Rouen and NEOMA Business School (former École Supérieure de Commerce de Rouen), ésitpa (agronomy and agriculture), both located at nearby Mont-Saint-Aignan, and the INSA Rouen, ESIGELEC and the CESI, both at nearby Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray.

Performing arts[]

The main opera company in Rouen is the Opéra de Rouen – Normandie. The company performs in the Théâtre des Arts, 7 rue du Docteur Rambert. The company presents opera, classical and other types of music, both vocal and instrumental, as well as dance performances.[16] Every five years, the city hosts the large maritime exposition, L'Armada.[17]

Notable people[]

A class at the Lycée Pierre-Corneille, Rouen 1902, artists Robert Antoine Pinchon (second row, right) and Marcel Duchamp (third row, left)
L'Académie de Rouen c. 1935, Robert Antoine Pinchon, third row, right
Robert Antoine Pinchon, 1905–06, La foire Saint-Romain sur la place Saint-Vivien, Rouen, oil on canvas, 49 x 59.4 cm
The hanging committee at the Salon des Artistes Rouennais, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, Robert Antoine Pinchon (center) 1934
Robert Antoine Pinchon, 1905, Le Pont aux Anglais, Rouen, oil on canvas, 38 × 46 cm, private collection
Salon des Artistes Rouennais, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, c. 1930

Rouen was the birthplace of:

  • Edward IV (1442–1483), King of England
  • Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk (1444-c1503), sister of Edward IV, married John de la Pole, Plantagenet.
  •  [fr] (b. 1500s), explorer
  •  [fr] (1507–1569), poet
  • François de Civille (1537–1610), military commander
  • Isaac Oliver (1556–1617), French-born English painter
  • Guy de la Brosse (1586–1641), botanist and pharmacist
  • Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant (1594–1661), poet
  • Samuel Bochart (1599–1667), Protestant theologian
  • Pierre Corneille (1606–1684), tragedian
  • Guillaume Couture (1617–1701), lay missionary and diplomat
  • Adrien Auzout (1622–1691), astronomer
  • Thomas Corneille (1625–1709), dramatist, brother of Pierre Corneille
  • Noel Alexandre (1630–1724), theologian and ecclesiastical historian
  • Robert Hubert (c.1640-1666), executed in England for falsely confessing to starting the Great Fire of London
  • Marie Champmeslé (1642–1698), actress
  • René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (1643–1687), explorer
  • Gabriel Daniel (1649–1728), Jesuit historian
  • Nicolas Lemery (1645–1715), chemist
  • Anne Mauduit de Fatouville (17th–1715), playwright
  • Jean Jouvenet (1647–1717), painter
  •  [fr] (1652–1721), Catholic writer
  • Jacques Basnages (1653–1723), Protestant theologian
  • Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657–1757), author, nephew of Pierre Corneille
  • François Raguenet (1660–1722), historian, biographer and musicologist
  • Pierre Antoine Motteux (1663–1718), French-born English dramatist
  • Pierre Dangicourt (1664–1727), mathematician
  • François Blouet de Camilly (1664–1723), Catholic Archbishop
  • Jean-Laurent Le Cerf de La Viéville (1674–1707), musicographer
  • Pierre François le Courayer (1681–1776), theologian
  • François d'Agincourt (1684–1758), composer
  • Jean II Restout (1692–1768), painter
  • Louise Levesque (1703–1745), playwright, poet
  • Jacques-François Blondel (1705–1774), architect
  • Marie-Madeleine Hachard (1708–1760), nun and abbess
  • Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont (1711–1780), novelist
  • Jacques Duphly (1715–1789), composer
  • Pierre-Antoine Guéroult (1749–1816), scholar
  • François-Adrien Boïeldieu (1775–1834), composer
  • Pierre Louis Dulong (1785–1838), physicist and chemist
  • Théodore Géricault (1791–1824), painter
  • Armand Carrel (1800–1836), writer
  • Jean-Amédée Méreaux (1802–1874), musicologist, pianist and composer
  • Pierre Adolphe Chéruel (1809–1891), historian
  • Alphonse Maille (1813–1865) botanist
  • Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880), novelist
  • Joseph-Henri Altès (1826–1895), flautist and pedagog
  • Eugène Ketterer (1831–1870), composer
  • Eugène Caron (1834–1903), opera singer
  • Maurice Leblanc (1864–1941), novelist
  • Charles Nicolle (1866–1936), bacteriologist
  • Léon de Saint-Réquier (1872–1964), organist and composer
  • Georges Guillain (1876–1961), neurologist
  • Robert Antoine Pinchon (1886–1943), painter
  • Marcel Dupré (1886–1971), composer
  • Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968), artist
  • Philippe Étancelin (1896–1981), race car driver
  • Armand Salacrou (1899–1989), dramatist
  • Roger Apéry (1916–1994), mathematician
  • Jacques Rivette (1928–2016), film director
  • Jean-Yves Lechevallier (b. 1946), sculptor
  • Anny Duperey (b. 1947), actress and novelist
  • Dominique Lokoli (b. 1952), footballer
  • François Hollande (b. 1954), 24th President of the French Republic
  • Hubert Wulfranc (b. 1956), Member of Parliament
  • Élise Lucet (b. 1963), journalist
  • Stéphan Caron (b. 1966), swimmer
  • Karin Viard (b. 1966), actress
  • Céline Minard (b. 1969), writer
  • Christophe Mendy (b. 1971), boxer
  • David Trezeguet (b. 1977), footballer
  • Thomas Pesquet (b. 1978), astronaut
  • Nathalie Péchalat (b. 1983), ice dancer
  • Ian Mahinmi (b. 1986), basketball player
  • Fayçal Fajr (b. 1988), footballer
  • Amaury Vassili (b. 1989), singer
  • Alexis Gougeard (b. 1993), cyclist
  • Pierre Gasly (b. 1996), Formula One driver
  • Petit Biscuit (b. 1999), music producer

International relations[]

Rouen is twinned with:

  • Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States, since 1963[18]
  • Cleveland, Ohio, United States, since 2008[19]
  • Gdańsk, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, since 1992[20]
  • Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany, since 1966[21]
  • Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, since 1990
  • Norwich, Norfolk, England, United Kingdom, since 1959[22]
  • Salerno, Salerno, Campania, Italy, since 2002

Sculpture[]

During the second half of the 20th century, several sculptures by Jean-Yves Lechevallier were erected in the city.

Artist Arne Quinze

Inaugurated in 2010, the Rouen Impressionnée hosted the contemporary urban (re)development[23] installation sculpture 'Camille' by Belgian artist Arne Quinze. Quinze's use of interlocking systems in sculpture employ wood, concrete, paint and metal. The Quasi-Quinze[24] method of sculpture utilizes structural integrity and randomness as key elements for 'Camille'. Located on the Boieldieu Bridge in the center of Rouen, this intentional location was chosen by the artist[25] to magnify the historical separation of its city's citizens.

Fleurs d'eau, by Jean-Yves Lechevallier

Representations in art[]

Rouen Cathedral, Full Sunlight, by Claude Monet, 1894.

Rouen Cathedral is the subject of a series of paintings by the Impressionist painter Claude Monet, who painted the same scene at different times of the day. Two paintings are in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.; two are in the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow; one is in the National Museum of Serbia in Belgrade. The estimated value of one painting is over $40 million.

Heraldry[]

Arms of Rouen
The arms of Rouen are blazoned :
Gules, a pascal lamb, haloed and contorny, holding a banner argent charged with a cross Or, and on a chief azure, 3 fleurs de lys Or

This may be rendered, "On a red background a haloed white pascal lamb looking back over its shoulder (contorny) holds a white banner bearing a gold cross; above, a broad blue band across the top bears 3 gold fleurs de lis".
On the front of the "Grand Poste" (rue Jeanne d'Arc), the banner is charged with a leopard (the lion passant seen on Norman and English arms). This was the official seal of Rouen at the beginning of the 12th century, before Normandy was incorporated into Capetian France



See also[]

  • Archbishopric of Rouen
  • Jean-Marie Baumel, sculptor of two of the statues on the Pont Boieldieu in Rouen
  • Ouen, a Catholic saint
  • The works of Maxime Real del Sarte

References[]

  1. ^ "Populations légales 2018". INSEE. 28 December 2020.
  2. ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  3. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
  4. ^ "Comparateur de territoire". INSEE. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  5. ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Rouen, EHESS. (in French)
  6. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  7. ^ Stratford, Jenny., and British Archaeological Association. Medieval Art, Architecture, and Archaeology at Rouen. Conference Transactions for the Year ... ; 1986. London]: British Archaeological Association, 1993.
  8. ^ "Sauvons La Maison Sublime de l'oubli". La Maison Sublime de Rouen (in French). La Maison Sublime de Rouen. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  9. ^ Miller, Derek (5 August 2017). "Normandy full of beauty and history". Delaware State News.
  10. ^ "Musées en Haute-Normandie". Musees-haute-normandie.fr. Archived from the original on 16 November 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  11. ^ "Rouen . visite-de-rouen.com . Place du Vieux Marché". Visite-de-rouen.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  12. ^ fr:Église Sainte-Jeanne-d'Arc de Rouen
  13. ^ "Climatological Information for Rouen, France". Meteo France. 6 August 2019.
  14. ^ "ROUEN–BOOS (76)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  15. ^ "Normes et records 1961–1990: Rouen-Boos (76) – altitude 151m" (in French). Infoclimat. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  16. ^ Opéra de Rouen – Haute-Normandie official web site.
  17. ^ Rouen – Armada website.
  18. ^ "French Club Will Observe Bastile Day". Baton Rouge Morning Advocate (sec. D, p. 10). 2 July 1964.
  19. ^ "Sister Cities International (SCI)". Sister-cities.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  20. ^ "Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie'" (in Polish and English). gdansk.pl. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
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