Rugops

Rugops; Temporal range: Cenomanian; ~95 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Restored skull
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Family:	†Abelisauridae
Genus:	†Rugops; Sereno et al. 2004
Species:	†R. primus
Binomial name
	†Rugops primus; Sereno et al. 2004

Rugops (meaning "wrinkle face") is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur that inhabited what is now Africa (Morocco & Niger) approximately 95 million years ago, during the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous.

Description[]

Restoration of Rugops feeding on Onchopristis

Size comparison

Though known only from a partial skull found in the Echkar Formation and a left maxilla from the Kem Kem Beds, Rugops was initially estimated as being 6 metres (19.7 ft) long and 750 kilograms (1,650 lb) in weight based on comparisons with its relatives.^[1] Later estimates suggest a revised length of 4.4 metres (14.4 ft).^[2] At the same time other authors suggest that it measured 5.3 metres (17.4 ft) long and 410 kilograms (900 lb) in weight.^[3] The skull length of Rugops was about 31.5 centimetres (12.4 in).^[4] Paul Sereno, who led the team that discovered the fossil, said "It's not the kind of head designed for fighting or bone-crushing", suggesting that it may have been a scavenger.^[5] The top of the skull bears two rows of seven holes, each of unknown purpose, although Sereno has speculated that they may have anchored some kind of display crest or horns; based on the presence of grooves for blood vessels forming a pathway into these pits.^[4]

Like other abelisaurids, Rugops likely had very short, or even vestigial arms. These were probably useless in fighting, and may have only been used to counterbalance the dinosaur's head.^{[citation needed]}

Paleoecology[]

The discovery of Rugops's skull in Niger in 2000 was a crucial breakthrough in the understanding of the evolution of theropods in that area, and demonstrates that this landmass was still united with Gondwana at that stage in history. It lived in the same locality and geological time period as Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, and Deltadromeus.^[4]

Skeletal diagram of the holotype and only known specimen: MNN IGU1

References[]

^ Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 79
^ Grillo, O. N.; Delcourt, R. (2016). "Allometry and body length of abelisauroid theropods: Pycnonemosaurus nevesi is the new king". Cretaceous Research. 69: 71–89. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.09.001.
^ Molina-Pérez & Larramendi 2016. Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos, Larousse. Barcelona, Spain p. 256
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Sereno, Paul C.; Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Conrad, Jack L. (2004-07-07). "New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1546): 1325–1330. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2692. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1691741. PMID 15306329.
^ "Rugops, new dinosaur find from Africa give clues to continents' split". web.archive.org. July 24, 2006.