Russian world

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"Russkiy mir" redirects here. For other uses including "Russian world" or "Russkiy mir", see Russian world (disambiguation).
"Pax Russica" redirects here. For a period in Finnish history, see Finnish Civil War § Pax Russica.
Russian World by O. Kuzmina (CGI, 2015). It depicts Saint Basil's Cathedral of Moscow behind the monument to Minin and Pozharsky.

The Russian world (Russian: Русский мир, romanized: Russkiy mir, lit. 'Russian world', 'Russian order', 'Russian community'; Latin: Pax Rossica, Pax Russica)[1][2][3] is the social totality associated with Russian culture. Russkiy Mir is the core culture of Russia and is in interaction with the diverse cultures of Russia through traditions, history and the Russian language. It comprises also the Russian diaspora with its influence in the world.[4][5] The concept is based on the notion of "Russianness", and both have been considered ambiguous.[6] The Russian world and awareness of it arose through Russian history and was shaped by the respective period.

History[]

Before and during the Russian Empire[]

One of the earliest use of the term "Russian world" is attributed to the Great Prince Iziaslav I of Kiev in the 11th century in his praise of Pope Clement I: "with gratitude to that faithful slave who increased the talent of his master - not only in Rome, but everywhere: both in Kherson and in the Russian world" (Russian: с благодарностью тому верному рабу, который умножил талант своего господина - не только в Риме, но и повсюду: и в Херсоне, и еще в Русском мире).[7][8]

In the 16th century Russia was formed as a self-contained world. Unconsciously, the Russian world also absorbed foreign influences from the Western world and the Eastern world/Orient, even if the influences were in the context of the evolution of the Russian world rather minor. It was not until the 17th and 18th centuries that the Tsar's throne consciously attempted to Europeanize Russia.[9]

In the Russian Empire, the idea of the Russian world was of conservative nationalistic type. Vyacheslav Nikonov, chairman of the Russkiy Mir Foundation remarked that the Russian world did not reach beyond Russia proper. He lamented that at these times 1/7th of the world population lived in the Russian Empire, while now the ratio is 1/50.[10]

1990s[]

Major authors behind the resurrection of the concept in the post-Soviet Russia include  [ru], Yefim Ostrovsky, Valery Tishkov, Vitaly Skrinnik, Tatyana Poloskova and Natalya Narochnitskaya. Since Russia emerged from the Soviet Union as still a significantly multiethnic and multicultural country, for the "Russian idea" to be unifying, it could not be ethnocentric, as it was in the doctrine Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality of the late Russian Empire. In 2000 Shchedrovitsky presented the main ideas of the "Russian world" concept in the article "Russian World and Transnational Russian Characteristics",[11] among the central ones of which was the Russian language.[4] Andis Kudors of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, analyzing Shchedrovitsky's article, concludes that it follows the ideas first laid out by the 18th century philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder about the influence of language on thinking (which has become known as the principle of linguistic relativity): the ones who speak Russian come to think Russian, and eventually to act Russian.[4]

Putin era[]

Eventually, the idea of the Russian world was adopted by the Russian administration, and Vladimir Putin decreed the establishment of the government-sponsored Russkiy Mir Foundation in 2007.

A number of observers consider the promotion of the Russian world concept as an element of the revanchist idea of the restoration of Russia or its influence back to the borders of the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire.[12][13][14]

Other observers described the concept as an instrument for projecting Russian soft power.[15][4] In Ukraine, the promotion of the Russian world has become strongly associated with the Russian military intervention in Ukraine.[16][17] According to assistant editor Pavel Tikhomirov of  [ru], the Russian world for politicized Ukrainians, whose number constantly increases, nowadays is "simply 'neo-Sovietism' masked by new names". He reconciled that with the conflation of the Russian world and the Soviet Union within Russian society itself.[18]

Politicization[]

Russia's president Vladimir Putin visited the Arkaim site of the Sintashta culture in 2005, meeting in person with the chief archaeologist Gennady Zdanovich.[19] The visit received much attention from Russian media. They presented Arkaim as the "homeland of the majority of contemporary people in Asia, and, partly, Europe". Nationalists called Arkaim the "city of Russian glory" and the "most ancient Slavic-Aryan town". Zdanovich reportedly presented Arkaim to the president as a possible "national idea of Russia",[20] a new idea of civilisation which Victor Schnirelmann calls the "Russian idea".[21]

Russian Orthodox Church and Russian world[]

At the end of the 9th century AD, pre-Christian Russia adopted Christianity from Byzantium in its Greco-Oriental form.[22] On 3 November 2009, at the Third Russian World Assembly, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow defined the Russian world as "the common civilisational space founded on three pillars: Eastern Orthodoxy, Russian culture and especially the language and the common historical memory and connected with its common vision on the further social development".[23][24]

Russkiy Mir is an ideology promoted by many in the leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church. "This ideology, concocted as a reaction to the loss of Russian control over Ukraine and Belarus after the fall of the Soviet Union, seeks to assert a spiritual and cultural unity of the peoples descended from the Kievan Rus, presumably under Russian leadership."[25][26] Patriarch Kiril of Moscow also shares this ideology; for the Russian Orthodox Church, the Russkiy Mir is also "a spiritual concept, a reminder that through the baptism of Rus, God consecrated these people to the task of building a Holy Rus."[27]

On 31 January 2019, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow declared concerning the religious relationship between the Russian Orthodox Church and Ukraine: "Ukraine is not on the periphery of our church. We call Kiev 'the mother of all Russian cities.' For us Kiev is what Jerusalem is for many. Russian Orthodoxy began there, so under no circumstances can we abandon this historical and spiritual relationship. The whole unity of our Local Church is based on these spiritual ties."[28][29]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "About". russkiymir.ru. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
  2. ^ Taylor, Chloe (2020-04-02). "Putin seeking to create new world order with 'rogue states' amid coronavirus crisis, report claims". CNBC. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  3. ^ Götz, Elias; Merlen, Camille-Renaud (2019-03-15). "Russia and the question of world order". European Politics and Society. 20 (2): 133–153. doi:10.1080/23745118.2018.1545181. ISSN 2374-5118.
  4. ^ a b c d Kudors, Andis (16 June 2010). ""Russian World"—Russia's Soft Power Approach to Compatriots Policy" (PDF). Russian Analytical Digest. Research Centre for East European Studies. 81 (10): 2–4. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  5. ^ Valery Tishkov, The Russian World—Changing Meanings and Strategies, Carnegie Papers, Number 95 , August 2008
  6. ^ Tiido, Anna, The «Russian World»: the blurred notion of protecting Russians abroad In: Polski Przegląd Stosunków Międzynarodowych, Warszaw, Uniwersytet Kardynała S. Wyszyńskiego, 2015, issue 5, pp. 131—151, ISSN 2300-1437 (in English)
  7. ^ "Приложение 2.
    Похвала свт. Клименту из «Чуда об отрочати»
    (древнерусский оригинал и русский перевод)"     (PDF). Patrologia slavica. Vol. 2. 2013. p. 197.
  8. ^ Laruelle, Marlene (May 2015). "The "Russian World:" Russia's Soft Power and Geopolitical Imagination" (PDF). Washington, DC: Center on Global Interests. p. 3. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  9. ^ Tschizewskij, Dmitrij (1961). Zwischen Ost und West - Russische Geistesgeschichte II. Germany: Rowohlt Verlag. pp. 156, 157.
  10. ^ Nikonov, Vyacheslav (22 April 2008). "Влиять по-русски". Itogi (Interview) (in Russian). No. 17. Interviewed by Valeriya Sychyova. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  11. ^ Shchedrovitsky, Pyotr (2 March 2000). "Русский мир и Транснациональное русское". Russian Journal (in Russian). Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  12. ^ Abarinov, Vladimir; Sidorova, Galina (18 February 2015). ""Русский мир", бессмысленный и беспощадный". svoboda.org (in Russian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  13. ^ Nirenburg, Alex (21 August 2015). ""פוטין מהלך אימים עם תפיסת "העולם הרוסי" [Putin threatens with the concept of "Russian world"]. nrg.co.il (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 2015-12-21.
  14. ^ "Екс-радник Путіна назвав країни, на які Росія може напасти після України". Obozrevatel (in Ukrainian). 25 December 2014. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  15. ^ Dolinsky, Alexei (2 March 2011). "How to Strengthen Soft Power?". russkiymir.ru. Russkiy Mir Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  16. ^ Zharenov, Yaroslav (9 January 2018). ""Русский мир" в Украине отступает, но есть серьезные угрозы" ['Russian world' retreats in Ukraine, however there are serious threats]. apostrophe.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  17. ^ "Путин надеется на возвращение Украины в так называемый "русский мир" - Полторак" [Poltorak: Putin hopes to return Ukraine into the so-called 'Russian world']. nv.ua (in Russian). 5 April 2018. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  18. ^ Goble, Paul (10 September 2018). "Claims That Many Ukrainians 'Will Never Attend A Moscow Patriarchate Church' – OpEd". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
  19. ^ Shnirelman 2012, pp. 27–28.
  20. ^ Shnirelman 2012, p. 28.
  21. ^ Shnirelman 1998, p. 36.
  22. ^ Herberstein, Siegmund Frhr von. (1975). Moskowia. Kiepenheuer. p. 5. OCLC 251498793.
  23. ^ Rap, Myroslava (2015-06-24). "Chapter I. Religious context of Ukrainian society today – the background to research". The Public Role of the Church in Contemporary Ukrainian Society: The Contribution of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church to Peace and Reconciliation. Nomos Verlag. p. 85. ISBN 978-3-8452-6305-2.
  24. ^ "Выступление Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла на торжественном открытии III Ассамблеи Русского мира / Патриарх / Патриархия.ru" [Speech by His Holiness Patriarch Kirill at the grand opening of the Third Russian World Assembly]. Патриархия.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  25. ^ Antiochenus, Petrus (5 December 2018). "'Precedence' of 'Our People' in Orthodoxy: Patriarch Bartholomew's 21 October Speech". Orthodox Synaxis. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  26. ^ Payne 2015; Wawrzonek, Bekus & Korzeniewska-Wisznewska 2016.
  27. ^ Petro, Nicolai N. (23 March 2015). "Russia's Orthodox Soft Power". www.carnegiecouncil.org. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
  28. ^ "Russian patriarch likens Kiev for Russian Orthodoxy to Jerusalem for global Christianity". TASS. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-02.
  29. ^ "Слово Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла на встрече с делегациями Поместных Православных Церквей 31 января 2019 года | Русская Православная Церковь". mospat.ru (in Russian). 31 January 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-02.

Bibliography[]

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