Sakaldwipiya

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Sakaldwipiya Brahmins (also known as Bhojaka Brahmins or Maga Brahmins) are a class of Brahmin priests, Ayurveda teachers and practitioners (Vaidya) that are concentrated in northern India. The name can also be spelled as Shakdvipi, Shakdwipi, Shakdweepi, Shakdvipiya, Shakdwipiya, Shakdweepiya, Shakadwipi, and Sakadwipi.

Mentions[]

Hindu texts[]

Samba Purana and Bhavishya Purana[]

The earliest extant Hindu text to mention the Magas is Samba Purana (c. 7th-8th century CE).[1] This legend made its way into the Bhavishya Purana and even a twelfth century inscription in Eastern India.[1][2]

After being cursed into a leper, Samba had urged Krishna to restore his youth.[2] Krishna expressed his inability and asserted that only the Sun-God had such abilities.[2] So, acting upon the advice of Narada, Samba left for the forests of Mitravan on the banks of Chandrabhaga, which already served as His sacred lands.[2] There, he propitiated Sun into appearing before himself and secured boons of cure and eternal fame.[2] In return, Samba had to set up solar temples; Bhavishya Purana mentions that He had specifically instructed to be installed at the banks of Chandrabhaga, as His perpetual abode.[2] The next day, Samba received an icon of the Sun-God while bathing.[2]

However, securing a priest for the temple turned out to be difficult.[2] Both Narada and Gauramukha emphatically rejected the prospects of any Brahmin attending to a temple-icon since such worshippers took the offerings for themselves and had to ran afoul of Manusmriti.[2] Magas were mentioned to be the only classes fit for the task but that neither knew about their location except to be far away from Dwarka, the Sun-God himself was suggested for further guidance.[2] Gauramukha also provided a detailed description about the antecedents of the Magas:.[2]

The Sun-God confirmed that none in Jamudwipa was fit for His worship; only among the inhabitants of Sakdwipa—an entire creation of His own—were to be found the Magas, fluent in Vedas and his potential worshippers.[2] In Sakdwipa, Brahmins were the Magas; Kṣatriyas, Maśakas; Vaiśyas, Mānasas; and Śūdras, Mandagas.[1] Eighteen Maga families would travel across an ocean on the back of Garuda.[1][2] Subsequently, the first Sun-temple was established in Sambapura.[2]

No further details about the Magas are provided in the Samba Purana but Bhavishya Purana continues to chronicle the life of Magas in India, often in self-contradictory ways.[2] Samba apparently arranged for the women of Bhojas (id. uncertain; might be the eponymous Kings of early medieval India) to be married to them; this went against the earlier narrative of bringing eighteen Maga "families."[2] These Bhoja in-laws of Magas were referred to as Bhojakas notwithstanding Gauramukha's usage of the term.[2] In a later chapter, it is even claimed that eight of the migrant Magas were actually born of Mandagas and hence had to marry Dasas; their progenies did not receive Brahminical knowledge unlike those from the union with Bhojas.[2]

Others[]

Analysis[]

On the basis of terminological similarities in relevant Puranic verses with proto-Iranian roots and a common tradition of Sun worship, most scholars deem the legend to reflect the migration of Magis of Persia (or some region under the influence of Persian cosmopolis) in multiple waves to India over an extended period of time.[1][a] Sambapura has been identified with Multan (and the temple with the eponymous institution) but there exists little evidence in support and Heinrich von Stietencron rejects the idea.[2]

The later arrivals were deemed as Bhojakas, a term conspicuously absent in Samba Purana.[3]

Buddhist texts[]

Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra, a Buddhist text from Kashmir c. 2nd century C.E. notes the Magas to be Mlechhas from the west.[1] They are not deemed to be Brahmins but barbarians, who did not see anything objectionable in having sexual relations with own family.[1] In Tarkajvālā (6th century CE), Bhāviveka notes the Magas to be perverted people from Persia: their religious doctrines exhibited similarities with Vedas, in that agamyā-gamana was supported.[1]

Even if Magas were not always explicitly mentioned, Persians—always distinguished by the practice of incest—would continue to be featured in a vast spectrum of Buddhist literature for centuries; nowhere were they considered them to be Brahmins.[1][4]

Others[]

Varāhamihira’s (6th century CE) Bṛhat Saṃhitā mention the Magas; he might have been a Maga.[1][4] In his Pañcasiddhāntikā, one "Year of Magas" mention 30 names of the "lords of degree of signs" — they are since understood to be a Saivite rendering of the list of Yazatas.[5]

Ptolemy’s Geography (2nd century CE) noted a particular town to be inhabited by Maga Brahmins.[1] Al-Biruni, an 11th century Persian polymath, noted some Zoroastrians to have migrated to India where they were known as Magas and in a hostile relation with Buddhists.[1][b]

Social status[]

In the Brahminical corpus all Mlechhas (foreigners) are routinely referred to in the "most disagreeable terms" and either held to be below Sudras or bereft of varna.[1] Saura literature is very scarce in the Hindu cannon and in all probabilities, Magas failed to ever exert considerable influence on any royal power.[2] Consequently, why were the Magas allowed the Brahmin status in society remains a pertinent locus of enquiry.[3]

R. C. Hazra—a preeminent scholar of Puranic literature—believes the Magas and their particular brand of Sun-worship to have gained immense popularity under Scythian patronage; hence, the Brahmins were compelled to draft the Samba Purana, infuse aspects of their cult into prevalent , and accommodate them in the elites.[6] Stietencron, on a comparative assessment of Samba Purana with other texts, disagrees: little foreign influence was visible in the descriptions and if at all, the Magas had only popularized a pre-existing cult of solar worship.[3]

Bronkhorst notes that even if the Magas had claimed descent from Persian priestly traditions, the Brahminic classes of India (Jambudvīpa) won't have easily accommodated foreigners at the highest echelons of society.[1] On a comparison with Buddhist texts and secular records, he proposes that Sakadvipa was not Persia (or some other territory, west of India) but a "mythico-geographical region" for classical Hindu authors, wherein prevailed the Brahmanical order of society for reasons unknown.[1] Descendants of the Magi migrants of Persia staked a claim to this Brahminic space rather than their native place.[1][c] By the Common Era, their claims were accepted and would be serviced in the construction of Puranic legends.[1]

Modern India[]

The Sakaldwipiya Brahmins of Bihar, Odisha, Bengal and Uttar Pradesh are Ayurvedic physicians, priests and landholders.[7]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Stietencron notes three such words in the passage: avyaṅga (ir. aiwyāŋhana), patidāna (ir. paiti.dāna), and varśman (ir. barəsman).[1]
  2. ^ The hostility was allegedly on accounts of theirs' persecuting the Buddhists out of Middle East and Central Asia.[1]
  3. ^ However, the very construction of Sakadwipa might have developed out of fragmented transmissions from Persia.[1]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Bronkhorst, Johannes (2014–2015). "The Magas". Brahmavidyā: The Adyar Library Bulletin. 78–79: 459–486.CS1 maint: date format (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Cummins, Joan Marie (2001). Dual darśana: Re-addressing the Sūrya icon (Thesis). Columbia University.
  3. ^ a b c Stietencron, Heinrich von (1966): Indische Sonnenpriester. Sāmba und die Śākadvīpīya-Brāhmaṇa. Eine textkritische und religionsgeschichtliche Studie zum indischen Sonnenkult. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. (Schriftenreihe des Südasien-Instituts der Universität Heidelberg, 3.)
  4. ^ a b VAN DER KUIJP, LEONARD W.J. (2006). "THE EARLIEST INDIAN REFERENCE TO MUSLIMS IN A BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHICAL TEXT OF "CIRCA" 700". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 34 (3): 169–202. ISSN 0022-1791.
  5. ^ Stausberg, Michael (29 May 2018), "Hinduism and Zoroastrianism", Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online, Brill, doi:10.1163/2212-5019_beh_com_9000000151, retrieved 14 November 2021
  6. ^ Hazra, R. C. (1955). "THE SĀMBA-PURĀṆA, A SAURA WORK OF DIFFERENT HANDS". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 36 (1/2): 62–84. ISSN 0378-1143.
  7. ^ Mitra 1962, p. 615.
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