Samoa hotspot
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The Samoa hotspot is a volcanic hotspot located in the south Pacific Ocean. The hotspot model describes a hot upwelling plume of magma through the Earth's crust as an explanation of how volcanic islands are formed. The hotspot idea came from J. Tuzo Wilson in 1963 based on the Hawaii volcanic island chain.
In theory, the Samoa hotspot is based on the Pacific Tectonic Plate traveling over a fixed hotspot located deep underneath the Samoan Islands.[1] The Samoa hotspot includes the Samoan Islands (American Samoa and Samoa), and extends to the islands of Uvea or Wallis Island (Wallis and Futuna) and Niulakita (Tuvalu), as well as the submerged Pasco banks and Alexa Bank.[2]
As the Pacific Plate moves slowly over the hotspot, thermal activity builds up and is released in magma plume spewing through the Earth's crust, forming each island in a chain. The Samoa islands generally lie in a straight line, east to west, in the same direction of the tectonic plate 'drifting' over the hotspot.[3]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Volcano_eruption_Mt_Matavanu_-_Savai%27i_-_1905_-_photo_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg/200px-Volcano_eruption_Mt_Matavanu_-_Savai%27i_-_1905_-_photo_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg)
A characteristic of a “classic” hotspot, like the Hawaii hotspot, results in islands located further from the hotspot being progressively older with newer and younger islands closest to the fixed hotspot, like the Loihi Seamount, the only submarine volcano which has been studied in detail by scientists. The scientific research from Loihi has resulted in a 'Hawaii' model for hotspots primarily limited to the information gathered from the Hawaii islands.[4]
However, the Samoa hotspot is currently an enigma for scientists.[5] In the Samoa Islands, the easternmost island of Ta'u and the westernmost island of Savai'i have both erupted in the past 150 years. The most recent eruption on Sava'i occurred with Mount Matavanu (1905–1911) and on Ta'u in 1866.[6]
Vailulu'u[]
In 1975, geophysicist discovered the Vailulu'u Seamount, 45 km east of Ta'u island in American Samoa which has since been studied by an international team of scientists. Within the summit crater of Vailulu'u is an active underwater volcanic cone called Nafanua,[5] named after a war goddess in Samoan mythology. The study of Vailulu'u provides scientists with another possible model for hotspots[4] as an alternative to the Hawaii hotspot model.
An important difference between Vailulu'u and Loihi in Hawaii, is a total lack of tholeiitic basalt compositions at Vailulu'u[4] although both are located at the easternmost point of their respective island chains.
The northern Tonga Islands (Vava'u and Niuatoputapu) are moving away from Fiji on the Australian plate at rates of about 130 mm/yr and 160 mm/yr, respectively, while Niue and Rarotonga on the Pacific plate are approaching the Australian plate at about 80 mm/yr. This implies that Pacific plate is tearing at the corner of the trench-transform boundary at a rate that is the sum of these two (160 + 80) 240 mm/yr.[7]
See also[]
References[]
- ^ Russell, Jamie A. "Hotspot Lesson: Samoan Hotspot". Enduring Resources Earth Science Education. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
- ^ "Samoan Hotspot Trail". Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved 2009-12-01.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
- ^ "This volcano we live on". Natural History Guide to American Samoa. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
- ^ a b c Hart, S. R.; Staudigel, H.; Koppers, A. A.; Blusztajn, J.; Baker, E. T.; Workman, R.; Jackson, M.; Hauri, E.; Kurz, M.; Sims, K.; Fornari, D.; Saal, A.; Lyons, S. (2000). "Vailulu'u undersea volcano: The new Samoa" (PDF). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 1 (12): n/a. Bibcode:2000GGG.....1.1056H. doi:10.1029/2000GC000108. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
- ^ a b Lippsett, Laurence (3 September 2009). "Voyage to Vailulu'u". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
- ^ Steadman, David W. (200). Extinction & biogeography of tropical Pacific birds. University of Chicago Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-226-77142-3. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
- ^ W. Jason Morgan and Jason Phipps Morgan. Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement (PDF). p. 111. Retrieved 2010-04-23.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- Hotspots of the Pacific Ocean
- Geology of Oceania
- Geography of Samoa
- Geography of American Samoa
- Geography of Oceania