Scarus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Scarus
Temporal range: Early Oligocene to Present[1]
Papegaaivis.JPG
Scarus ferrugineus, terminal phase
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Labriformes
Family: Scaridae
Genus: Scarus
Forsskål, 1775
Type species
Scarus psittacus
Forsskål (not of Linnaeus), 1775
Species

about 52, see text

Synonyms[2]
  • Calliodon Bloch & Schneider, 1801
  • Callyodon Scopoli, 1777
  • Erychthys Swainson, 1839
  • Hemistoma Swainson, 1839
  • Loro Jordan & Evermann, 1896
  • Margaritodon J.L.B. Smith, 1956
  • Petronason Swainson, 1839
  • Pseudoscarus Bleeker, 1861
  • Scarops Schultz, 1958
  • Scarus Bleeker, 1847
  • Xenoscarops Schultz, 1958

Scarus is a genus of parrotfishes. With 52 currently recognised extant species,[3] it is by far the largest genus in this family. The vast majority are found at reefs in the Indo-Pacific, but a small number of species are found in the warmer parts of the eastern Pacific and the western Atlantic, with a single species, Scarus hoefleri in the eastern Atlantic. Most are very colourful, and have strikingly different initial (males and females) and terminal (males only) phases. Adults of most species reach maximum lengths of between 30 and 50 cm (12–20 in), but the rainbow parrotfish (Scarus guacamaia) can grow to lengths of 1.2 m (3.9 ft).[3]

Species[]

There are currently 52 recognised species in this genus:[3]

  • Scarus altipinnis (Steindachner, 1879) (filament-finned parrotfish)
  • (Steindachner, 1902) (Arabian parrotfish)
  • (Günther, 1862) (red-barred parrotfish)
  • & Randall, 1986 (chameleon parrotfish)
  • (Steindachner, 1867)
  • Scarus coelestinus Valenciennes, 1840 (midnight parrotfish)
  • Scarus coeruleus (Edwards, 1771) (blue parrotfish)
  • Rüppell, 1835 (Red Sea parrotfish)
  • (Osburn & Nichols 1916) (azure parrotfish)
  • Scarus dimidiatus Bleeker, 1859 (yellow-barred parrotfish)
  • (Bennett, 1828) (regal parrotfish)
  • (Playfair, 1868) (sicklefin parrotfish)
  • Scarus ferrugineus Forsskål, 1775 (rusty parrotfish)
  • Scarus festivus Valenciennes, 1840 (festive parrotfish)
  • Scarus flavipectoralis Schultz, 1958 (yellowfin parrotfish)
  • Scarus forsteni (Bleeker, 1861) (Forsten's parrotfish)
  • Scarus frenatus Lacépède, 1802 (bridled parrotfish)
  • Randall & , 2000 (darktail parrotfish)
  • Scarus fuscopurpureus (Klunzinger, 1871) (purple-brown parrotfish)
  • Scarus ghobban Forsskål, 1775 (blue-barred parrotfish)
  • Scarus globiceps Valenciennes, 1840 (globehead parrotfish)
  • (Steindachner 1869)
  • Scarus guacamaia Cuvier, 1829 (rainbow parrotfish)
  • (Steindachner, 1881) (Guinean parrotfish)
  • Bleeker, 1853 (yellowtail parrotfish)
  • (Bloch, 1789) (striped parrotfish)
  • Randall & Choat, 1980 (Marquesan parrotfish)
  • Randall & Choat, 1980 (highfin parrotfish)
  • , & Randall, 2007 (Spot-fin parrotfish)
  • Scarus niger Forsskål, 1775 (dusky parrotfish)
  • Randall & , 1993 (yellowtail parrotfish)
  • Scarus oviceps Valenciennes, 1840 (dark-capped parrotfish)
  • Scarus ovifrons Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 knobsnout parrotfish
  • Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 (bumphead parrotfish)
  • Randall & Bruce, 1983 (gulf parrotfish)
  • Scarus prasiognathos Valenciennes, 1840 (Singapore parrotfish)
  • Scarus psittacus Forsskål 1775 (common parrotfish)
  • Scarus quoyi Valenciennes, 1840 (Quoy's parrotfish)
  • Valenciennes, 1840 (rivulated parrotfish)
  • Scarus rubroviolaceus Bleeker, 1847 (ember parrotfish)
  • Scarus russelii Valenciennes, 1840 (eclipse parrotfish)
  • Scarus scaber Valenciennes, 1840 (fivesaddle parrotfish)
  • Bleeker, 1867 (yellowband parrotfish)
  • (Kner) (greensnout parrotfish)
  • Scarus taeniopterus Lesson, 1829 (princess parrotfish)
  • Scarus tricolor Bleeker, 1847 (tricolour parrotfish)
  • Valenciennes, 1840 (greenback parrotfish)
  • Scarus vetula Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (queen parrotfish)
  • J.L.B. Smith, 1956 (roundhead parrotfish)
  • Bleeker, 1853 (red parrotfish)
  • Moura, Figueiredo & Sazima, 2001 (Zelinda's parrotfish)
  • Scarus zufar Randall & , 1995 (Dhofar parrotfish)

In political thought[]

In Cesare Ripa's Renaissance iconography, the scarus fish symbolised civil "Union," i.e. the joining together of individuals into a collective body. Plutarch had written that scarus fish "swim together in shoals and ingeniously and heroically free each other when caught in a net." The scarus thus "denoted reciprocal assistance in the fight for survival."[4]

Gallery[]

References[]

  1. ^ Sepkoski, J. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 25 December 2007.
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Scaridae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  3. ^ a b c Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds. Scarus. FishBase. 2013.
  4. ^ Hont, I. Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Perspective. Harvard UP: 2005, pp. 21-22.
Retrieved from ""