Sclerococcum

Sclerococcum
	(black discs) growing on
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Lecanoromycetes
Order:	Lecanorales
Family:	Dactylosporaceae
Genus:	Sclerococcum; Fr. (1825)
Type species
	; (Ach.) Fr. (1825)
Synonyms
	Dactylospora Körb. (1855);

Sclerococcum is a genus of lichenicolous fungi in the family Dactylosporaceae.

Taxonomy[]

The genus was circumscribed in 1825 by Elias Magnus Fries.^[1] The type species is , originally described in 1814 by Erik Acharius (as Spiloma sphaerale). This fungus is a lichenicolous hyphomycete – a mould that lives on a lichen. Most of the Sclerococcum species described since then are also lichenicolous, and most have a restricted host range. Molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2012 showed that Sclerococcum sphaerale grouped together in a clade with species of Dactylospora in the class Eurotiomycetes.^[2]

In 2016, Réblová and colleagues proposed a new family Sclerococcaceae in a new order (Sclerococcales) to accommodate the type genus Sclerococcum, Dactylospora, Rhopalophora, three strains of beetle-associated fungi, and an isolate of .^[3] This classification was not accepted in the 2017 Outline of the Ascomycota, which retained the family Dactylosporaceae.^[4]

Species[]

S.Y.Kondr. (2002)^[5]
Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Holien & Ihlen) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Alstrup & D.Hawksw.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Triebel) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Zhurb., Ezhkin, Skirina & Y.Ohmura) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
Diederich (2015)^[6]
Etayo (2008)
(Hafellner) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
(Alstrup & D.Hawksw.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Müll.Arg.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Triebel & Hertel) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Berk. & W.Phillips) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
(Holien & Ihlen) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Hafellner) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
(Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
(Alstrup & Olech) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
Zhurb., Diederich & U.Braun (2017)
(Sarrión & Hafellner) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Hafellner & H.Mayrhofer) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Th.Fr.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
Y.Joshi (2021)^[7] – India
(Olech & Alstrup) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
Zhurb. (2017)^[8]
(Tobisch) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
Diederich (1990)^[9]
Elix, P.M.McCarthy & Hafellner (2019)^[10] – Australia
Sclerococcum fissurinae Pérez-Ort. (2020)^[11] – Alaska
(Hafellner) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
Etayo & F.Berger (2000)^[12]
(Willey ex Tuck.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
Etayo (1995)^[13]
(Sérus.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Kohlm. & E.Kohlm.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Etayo) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Ellis) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
(Etayo) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Döbbeler & W.R.Buck) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
(Tuck.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
Diederich & P.Scholz (1995)^[14]
(Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Hafellner) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
(E.B.G.Jones, Alias, Abdel-Wahab & S.Y.Hsieh) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Sarrión & Hafellner) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
(Etayo) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
Hafellner (1996)^[15] – Macaronesia
Etayo & F.Berger (2004)
Coppins (2018)
(Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Flörke) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Willey ex Tuck.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
Diederich & van den Boom (2017)^[16]
Etayo (2017)
Y.Joshi (2021)^[7] – India
(Triebel) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Triebel) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Hafellner & Kalb) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Anzi) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Sarrión & Hafellner) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
(Triebel) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Etayo) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Arnold) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Vouaux) Flakus, Rodr.Flakus & Etayo (2019)
(Müll.Arg.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Alstrup) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Hafellner) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
(Schaer.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
Sclerococcum serusiauxii Boqueras & Diederich (1993)^[17]
D.Hawksw. (1979)^[18]
Diederich (2015)^[6]
(Ach.) Fr. (1825)
(Hafellner) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
(Coppins & Fryday) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
(Arnold) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
Etayo & Calat. (1998)^[19]
(Elix) Fryday (2019)
Diederich (2017)^[16]
(Th.Fr.) Ertz & Diederich (2018)
Alstrup (1993)^[20]
(Hafellner) Olariaga, Teres, J.M.Martín, M.Prieto & Baral (2019)
(K.L.Pang, Sheng Y.Guo, Alias, Hafellner & E.B.G.Jones) Ertz & Diederich (2018)

References[]

^ Fries, Elias M. (1825). Systema Orbis Vegetabilis (in Latin). 1. Lund: Typographia Academica. p. 79.
^ Diederich, Paul; Ertz, Damien; Lawrey, James D.; Sikaroodi, Masoumeh; Untereiner, Wendy A. (2012). "Molecular data place the hyphomycetous lichenicolous genus Sclerococcum close to Dactylospora (Eurotiomycetes) and S. parmeliae in Cladophialophora (Chaetothyriales)". Fungal Diversity. 58 (1): 61–72. doi:10.1007/s13225-012-0179-4.
^ Réblová, Martina; Untereiner, Wendy A.; Štěpánek, Václav; Gams, Walter (2016). "Disentangling Phialophora section Catenulatae: disposition of taxa with pigmented conidiophores and recognition of a new subclass, Sclerococcomycetidae (Eurotiomycetes)". Mycological Progress. 16 (1): 27–46. doi:10.1007/s11557-016-1248-y.
^ Wijayawardene, Nalin N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Liu, Jian Kui; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Ekanayaka, Anusha H.; Tian, Qing; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa (2018). "Outline of Ascomycota: 2017". Fungal Diversity. 88 (1): 167–263. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8.
^ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Zelenko, S.D. (2002). "New lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Israel and the Near East". Ukrainskiy Botanichnyi Zhurnal. 59 (5): 598–607.
^ ^a ^b Diederich, P. (2015). "Two new lichenicolous species of Sclerococcum (asexual Ascomycetes) growing on Graphidaceae". Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes Luxembourgeois. 117: 35–42.
^ ^a ^b Joshi, Y. (2021). "Two new species of lichenicolous fungus Sclerococcum (Dactylosporaceae, Sclerococcales) from India". Acta Botanica Hungarica. 63 (1–2): 67–75. doi:10.1556/034.63.2021.1-2.5.
^ Zhurbenko, M.P.; Pino-Bodas, R. (2017). "A revision of lichenicolous fungi growing on Cladonia, mainly from the Northern Hemisphere, with a worldwide key to the known species". Opuscula Philolichenum. 16: 188–266.
^ Diederich, P. (1990). "New or interesting lichenicolous fungi 1. Species from Luxembourg". Mycotaxon. 37: 297–330.
^ Elix, J.A.; McCarthy, P.M.; Hafellner, J. (2019). "A new lichenicolous species of Sclerococcum (Dactylosporaceae, Ascomycota) from south-eastern Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 85: 43–45.
^ Spribille, Toby; Fryday, Alan M.; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; Svensson, Måns; Tønsberg, Tor; Ekman, Stefan; Holien, Håkon; Resl, Philipp; Schneider, Kevin; Stabentheiner, Edith; Thüs, Holger; Vondrák, Jan; Sharman, Lewis (2020). "Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska". The Lichenologist. 52 (2): 61–181. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000079.
^ Berger, F. (2000). "Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Flechten und lichenicolen Pilze Islands". Acta Botanica Islandica (in German). 13: 69–82.
^ Etayo, J. (1995). "Two new species of lichenicolous fungi from the Pyrenees". Nova Hedwigia. 61 (1–2): 189–197.
^ Diederich, P.; Scholz, P. (1994). "New or interesting lichenicolous fungi. 5. - Sclerococcum leuckertii spec. nova (Deuteromycotina)". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 57: 113–116.
^ Hafellner, J. (1996). "Bemerkenswerte Funde von Flechten und lichenicolen Pilzen auf makaronesischen Inseln V". Herzogia (in German). 12: 133–145.
^ ^a ^b Diederich, P.; van den Boom, P. (2017). "Sclerococcum phaeophysciae and S. toensbergii, two new lichenicolous asexual Ascomycetes, with a revised key to the species of Sclerococcum". Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes Luxembourgeois. 119: 71–78.
^ Boqueras, M.; Diederich, P. (1993). "New or interesting lichenicolous fungi. 3. Karsteniomyces llimonae sp. nov. and Sclerococcum serusiauxii sp. nov. (Deuteromycotina)". Mycotaxon. 47: 425–431.
^ Hawksworth, D.L. (1979). "The lichenicolous Hyphomycetes". Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 6 (3): 249.
^ Etayo, J.; Calatayud, V. (1998). "Sclerococcum (Deuteromycotina) with black sporodochia in Spain". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien. 100: 677–681.
^ Alstrup, V. (1993). "News on lichenicolous fungi from the Nordic countries". Graphis Scripta. 5 (2): 96–104.

[Fries_1825-1] Fries, Elias M. (1825). Systema Orbis Vegetabilis (in Latin). 1. Lund: Typographia Academica. p. 79.

[Diederich_et_al._2012-2] Diederich, Paul; Ertz, Damien; Lawrey, James D.; Sikaroodi, Masoumeh; Untereiner, Wendy A. (2012). "Molecular data place the hyphomycetous lichenicolous genus Sclerococcum close to Dactylospora (Eurotiomycetes) and S. parmeliae in Cladophialophora (Chaetothyriales)". Fungal Diversity. 58 (1): 61–72. doi:10.1007/s13225-012-0179-4.

[Réblová_et_al._2016-3] Réblová, Martina; Untereiner, Wendy A.; Štěpánek, Václav; Gams, Walter (2016). "Disentangling Phialophora section Catenulatae: disposition of taxa with pigmented conidiophores and recognition of a new subclass, Sclerococcomycetidae (Eurotiomycetes)". Mycological Progress. 16 (1): 27–46. doi:10.1007/s11557-016-1248-y.

[Wijayawardene_et_al._2018-4] Wijayawardene, Nalin N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Liu, Jian Kui; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Ekanayaka, Anusha H.; Tian, Qing; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa (2018). "Outline of Ascomycota: 2017". Fungal Diversity. 88 (1): 167–263. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8.

[Kondratyuk_&_Zelenko_2002-5] Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Zelenko, S.D. (2002). "New lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Israel and the Near East". Ukrainskiy Botanichnyi Zhurnal. 59 (5): 598–607.

[Diederich_2015-6] Diederich, P. (2015). "Two new lichenicolous species of Sclerococcum (asexual Ascomycetes) growing on Graphidaceae". Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes Luxembourgeois. 117: 35–42.

[Joshi_2021-7] Joshi, Y. (2021). "Two new species of lichenicolous fungus Sclerococcum (Dactylosporaceae, Sclerococcales) from India". Acta Botanica Hungarica. 63 (1–2): 67–75. doi:10.1556/034.63.2021.1-2.5.

[Zhurbenko_&_Pino-Bodas_2017-8] Zhurbenko, M.P.; Pino-Bodas, R. (2017). "A revision of lichenicolous fungi growing on Cladonia, mainly from the Northern Hemisphere, with a worldwide key to the known species". Opuscula Philolichenum. 16: 188–266.

[Diederich_1990-9] Diederich, P. (1990). "New or interesting lichenicolous fungi 1. Species from Luxembourg". Mycotaxon. 37: 297–330.

[Elix_et_al._2019-10] Elix, J.A.; McCarthy, P.M.; Hafellner, J. (2019). "A new lichenicolous species of Sclerococcum (Dactylosporaceae, Ascomycota) from south-eastern Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 85: 43–45.

[Spribille_et_al._2020-11] Spribille, Toby; Fryday, Alan M.; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; Svensson, Måns; Tønsberg, Tor; Ekman, Stefan; Holien, Håkon; Resl, Philipp; Schneider, Kevin; Stabentheiner, Edith; Thüs, Holger; Vondrák, Jan; Sharman, Lewis (2020). "Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska". The Lichenologist. 52 (2): 61–181. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000079.

[Berger_2000-12] Berger, F. (2000). "Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Flechten und lichenicolen Pilze Islands". Acta Botanica Islandica (in German). 13: 69–82.

[Etayo_1995-13] Etayo, J. (1995). "Two new species of lichenicolous fungi from the Pyrenees". Nova Hedwigia. 61 (1–2): 189–197.

[Diederich_&_Scholz_1994-14] Diederich, P.; Scholz, P. (1994). "New or interesting lichenicolous fungi. 5. - Sclerococcum leuckertii spec. nova (Deuteromycotina)". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 57: 113–116.

[Hafellner_1996-15] Hafellner, J. (1996). "Bemerkenswerte Funde von Flechten und lichenicolen Pilzen auf makaronesischen Inseln V". Herzogia (in German). 12: 133–145.

[Diederich_&_van_den_Boom_2017-16] Diederich, P.; van den Boom, P. (2017). "Sclerococcum phaeophysciae and S. toensbergii, two new lichenicolous asexual Ascomycetes, with a revised key to the species of Sclerococcum". Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes Luxembourgeois. 119: 71–78.

[Boqueras_&_Diederich_1993-17] Boqueras, M.; Diederich, P. (1993). "New or interesting lichenicolous fungi. 3. Karsteniomyces llimonae sp. nov. and Sclerococcum serusiauxii sp. nov. (Deuteromycotina)". Mycotaxon. 47: 425–431.

[Hawksworth_1979-18] Hawksworth, D.L. (1979). "The lichenicolous Hyphomycetes". Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 6 (3): 249.

[Etayo_&_Calatayud_1998-19] Etayo, J.; Calatayud, V. (1998). "Sclerococcum (Deuteromycotina) with black sporodochia in Spain". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien. 100: 677–681.

[Alstrup_1993-20] Alstrup, V. (1993). "News on lichenicolous fungi from the Nordic countries". Graphis Scripta. 5 (2): 96–104.

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