Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry was established in October 2015 to inquire into cases of abuse of children in care in Scotland.[1][2] It started with opening statements on 31 May 2017[3][4] and was to report and make recommendations within four years. But this deadline was later changed to "as soon as reasonably practicable".[2] Concerns have been raised about mounting costs and delays in the Inquiry.[5][6] 6 years after the start of the Inquiry, Lady Smith released a report which was critical of the previous Scottish Government for the 'woeful and avoidable' delay in setting up the Inquiry.[7]

Supreme Courts of Scotland judge Lady Smith was appointed as chairwoman of the inquiry in July 2016.[2] She is supported by a Secretariat ream, a legal team and Legal Council.[8] The Solicitor for the Inquiry is Andrea Summers and is seconded from the Scottish Government to work in the Inquiry.[8] Ms Summers was previously the Solicitor for the Penrose Inquiry.[9]

Prior to the appointment of Lady Chair, the Inquiry had a chair, Susan O'Brien QC, and two panel members, Michael Lamb and Glen Houston. Mr Lamb resigned because of the Scottish Government continued interference.[10]

By 2022 the inquiry was on its seventh phase.[11] These phases were: (1) Opening statements and timetable[12] (2) Residential child care establishments run by Catholic Orders[13] (3) Residential child care establishments run by non-religious and voluntary organisations[14] (4) Residential child care establishments run by male religious orders within the Roman Catholic Church[15] (5) Child migrants - Abuse of children whose departure from Scotland to countries such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand was part of the child migration programmes[16] (6) Boarding Schools[17] and (7) Foster Care Case Study.[18]

The Inquiry investigated over 100 locations of over 50 residential care establishments for children where there were child abuse claims.[19][20] Between 2018 and 2021 the Inquiry issued several reports including four case reports on care homes in Scotland.[21][22][23][24]

In 2021 the Inquiry investigated several boarding schools for child abuse including some of Scotland's most famous private schools - Fettes College, Gordonstoun, Loretto, Merchiston Castle, Morrison's Academy (when it was a boarding school), Keil School and Queen Victoria School.[25][26]

The Inquiry has not investigated the Crown Office and the prosecution of child abuse.[27] The Inquiry has not investigated the success of the current redress scheme.[28]

Residential care establishments for children run by Catholic Orders[]

Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul orphanages, Smyllum Park and Bellevue[]

In October 2018 the Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry issued a report that dealt mainly with children in the care of Smyllum Park orphanage, Lanark (1864-1981) and Bellevue Children's Home, Rutherglen (1912-1961) run by the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul . Children were abused sexually and beaten with leather straps, hairbrushes and crucifixes. The children experienced "no love, no compassion, no dignity and no comfort." The inquiry report[21] states that, for example:

  • Children were sexually abused in Smyllum. Children were sexually abused by priests, a trainee priest, Sisters, members of staff and a volunteer.
  • There was also problematic sexual behaviour by other children.
  • Children were physically abused. They were hit with and without implements, either in an excess of punishment or for reasons which the child could not fathom.
  • The implements used included leather straps, the "Lochgelly Tawse," hairbrushes, sticks, footwear, rosary beads, wooden crucifixes and a dog's lead.
  • For some children, being hit was a normal aspect of daily life.
  • The physical punishments meted out to children went beyond what was acceptable at the time whether as punishment in schools or in the home.
  • Children who were bed-wetters were abused physically and emotionally.
  • They were beaten, put in cold baths and humiliated in ways that included "wearing" their wet sheets and being subjected to hurtful name-calling by Sisters and by other children.
  • Many children were force-fed.[29]

The Daughters of Charity responded that the events and practices described were not in accordance with their values, and that they would give the report "our utmost attention".[30] They apologised to anyone who suffered abuse while in their care.[31]

In August 2018 police arrested and charged nuns and other former staff of Smyllum Park, eleven women and a man (later increased to 17[32]), regarding alleged child physical and sexual abuse.[33]

Fort Augustus Abbey School, Inverness and Carlekemp Priory School, North Berwick[]

Both schools were run by Benedictine monks.

Lady Smith concluded: "Children were sexually abused at both schools. A number of monks were serial sexual predators and, because of the movement of monks between Fort Augustus and Carlekemp, they were able to target victims at both schools. Children were cruelly beaten by sadistic monks at both schools, and some beatings had sexual overtones. Children were humiliated and punished inappropriately and excessively. Some children complained to monks in positions of responsibility about being abused. They received either non-existent or inadequate responses."[34]

The school was closed in 1993.

Sisters of Nazareth Houses in Aberdeen, Cardonald, Lasswade and Kilmarnock[]

The Inquiry found in their report that, between 1933 and 1984, children who had been in the care of Sisters of Nazareth orphanages had encountered sexual abuse "of the utmost depravity."[35][22]

The Sisters of Nazareth said “As we have said before, we apologise wholeheartedly and unreservedly to those who suffered any form of mistreatment."[36]

St. Ninian's, Falkland[]

Lady Smith's report concluded that St. Ninian's (a residential school run by the Congregation of Christian Brothers, a Catholic organisation) was a "a place of abuse and deprivation" particularly from 1969 until the school closed in 1983.[24] The Christian Brothers were able to "pursue their abusive practices with impunity" and the evidence against them was "shocking and distressing." Children in care suffered sexual, physical and emotional abuse.[37]

Michael Madigan, a representative for the Christian Brothers said the congregation acknowledged with ‘deepest regret’ that children had been abused.[38]

Two teachers at the school were convicted in 2016 for abusing boys in their care.[39] One of these, Michael Murphy, a former monk at St. Ninian's and St. Joseph's school in Tranent, was convicted in 2021 of a further 29 offences against boys at these schools between 1961 and 1981. Murphy subjected boys, some as young as seven or eight, to electric shocks, and brutal beatings and whippings. One victim described how Murphy pushed him into a hole filled with urine and excrement. Another said Murphy made him eat his own vomit. One more victim reported that Murphy crushed his hand and little finger in a vice. This later caused gangrene and the finger had to be partially amputated.[40]

Dave Sharp, a survivor who gave evidence during this case study has been critical of the study outlining that he was prevented from giving evidence about being trafficked as a child.[41]

Residential child care establishments run by non-religious and voluntary organisations[]

Aberlour Child Care Trust[]

Aberlour was also reported by the Inquiry to be a child care institution where children suffered physical, emotional and sexual abuse.[23]

Sally Ann Kelly, the chief executive of Aberlour, said ""We welcome today's interim findings from Lady Smith and wish to again reiterate our unreserved apology to those who suffered abuse while in the care of Aberlour."[35]

Barnardo's homes, Tyneholm, Balcary, Glasclune and Craigerne[]

The Inquiry concluded in their report that children in care of Barnardo's homes at Tyneholm, Balcary, Glasclune and Craigerne in Scotland in the 1950s and 1960s suffered emotional, sexual and physical abuse.[23]

Martin Crewe, the head of Barnardo's Scotland said in 2020: "We absolutely apologise for what happened to those individuals. Any instance of abuse is absolutely unacceptable.”[42]

Quarriers Homes, Inverclyde[]

Quarriers Homes were summarised in the Inquiry's report as institutions where children in their care suffered physical, emotional and sexual abuse.[23] Lady Smith said of the children that "scant regard was paid to their dignity".and they lived in "harsh, rigid regimes."[35]

Quarriers also said that their former policy of sending children abroad was "misguided and wrong." The chief executive of Quarriers, Alice Harper, apologised and sad "Vulnerable children were sent away and we recognise that some also suffered physical and emotional abuse, including sexual abuse."[43]

Boarding schools[]

Fettes College, Edinburgh[]

Fettes College accepted that one of its teachers in the Junior school sexually molested young boys in the 1970s and admitted liability. After refusing to prosecute the individual until January 2021, the Scottish Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service later in 2021 agreed to seek his extradition from South Africa where he was then living.[44]

Gordonstoun, Elgin[]

The enquiry found 82 cases of bullying and 11 alleged incidents of abuse at Gordonstoun. One girl described how she had been raped by an instructor when she was 13. Another girl was raised 7.7 metres in the air in a bosun's chair on a sailing boat and left there for 2.5 hours. a male former pupil said he was drugged and assaulted by a teacher when he was 12 at Aberlour (a feeder school for Gordonston). Andrew Keir, a teacher between 1988 and 1991 was convicted of lewd acts with three boys and was jailed for 12 months. Other children described how there was a "culture of fear" because older and stronger boys would attack, torment and abuse the younger children. There was no help from the school staff. One former pupil said; “No one talked about bullying or pupil to pupil abuse nor did anyone seem concerned about it.”[45] The Principal of the school, Lisa Kerr, said she was shocked to learn that former pupils had been sexually and physically abused while at school and admitted that, in the 1970s-1980s, there had been severe bullying.[46] Some former pupils described incidents of sexual abuse and rape in the decades up to the 1980s. Kerr said "It's been devastating to see the impact of abuse at Gordonstoun has had on them."[47]

Keil School, Dumbarton[]

At the time of the inquiry Scottish Police were investigating three former teachers at Keil School for abusing children. A teacher of drama and English who taught in the late 1980s and 1990s (he had been jailed for sexual abusing a boy at a previous English school), another teacher who was at the school from 1991 to 1997 (who committed suicide after being accused) and a third teacher who was there from 1991 to 1997.[48] The school acknowledged that there had been child abuse at the school from 1997 to 2000.[49]

The school closed in July 2000.

Loretto, Musselburgh[]

Loretto school admitted that pupils were sexually, physically and emotionally abused by Guy Ray-Hills a French teacher in the 1950s and 1960s. By the time of the enquiry in 2021 Ray-Hills had died.[50]

Merchiston Castle, Edinburgh[]

Former pupils at Merchiston described how life for children there was akin to "Lord of the Flies" with vicious beatings and improper touching by some staff. One housemaster, James Rainy Brown, was reported as watching first year boys sit naked in a bath of cold water as their punishment (Brown later committed suicide while being investigated by the police). Another teacher named Edward had a reputation for inappropriately touching boys after punishment or after an injury at sports - described by one as “Usually when he had caned boys he would massage them, then have a feel around...." Other comments were "You had to accept there was a form of corruption and basically the school would behave in whatever manner pleased it...” and (talking about bullying) that staff did “nothing whatsoever” to help pupils.[51]

A lawyer for Merchiston Castle school said at the inquiry that "it was clear with at least one former member of staff the dots were never to be joined. The school profoundly regrets and sincerely apologises for the fact that such experiences were endured by some pupils." He offered an "unreserved apology" on behalf of the school.[52] The headmaster,Jonathan Anderson admitted that there had been abuse at the school between 1930 and 2014.[53] However Anderson said it was "not fair" to single out boys schools as a "predatory culture" was an issue for all schools.[54]

Morrison's Academy, Crieff[]

Former pupils at the school described how teachers took"delight" in caning children. One ex-pupil described how,when he was 12 or 13, his wrist was broken because of the savage beating he got from a teacher.[55]

Morrisons apologised to former pupils who, from the 1950s - 1990s, had been emotionally and physically abused at the school.[50]

Queen Victoria School, Dunblane[]

A lawyer representing the school apologised and expressed deep regret to former pupils who had been abused.[50] One former pupil said, that when he was 13, he was physically and sexually abused by an older boy at the school. He reported this to the headmaster who did nothing and he was afterwards subjected to even more vicious bullying and sexual abuse. He was not supported by teachers who ostracised him.[56] The school admitted that abuse had occurred.[50]

Criticism[]

Survivors of child abuse have criticised the Inquiry for not investigating sports and leisure clubs or attending faith based organisations on a day-to-day basis.[57]

A survivor have criticised an Inquiry report as a cover up as he was not allowed to give evidence about being trafficked to Ireland while in care.[58]

Other similar child abuse investigations[]

In the wake of the Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal an investigation was set up in 2014 by the then British Home Secretary Theresa May into how the institutions in England and Wales handled their duty of care to protect children from sexual abuse.[59] This was called the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse and was still ongoing in 2022.[60]

The Northern Ireland Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry was described in a 2014 BBC article as "the biggest child abuse public inquiry ever held in the UK" and investigated historical institutional sexual and physical abuse of children in Northern Ireland.[61] It ran from 2014 to 2016 and covered institutions in Northern Ireland that provided residential care for children from 1922 to 1995[62] but excluded most church-run schools.[63]

In 1995 the Australian government started an inquiry into the treatment of Aboriginal children. In 1997 they issued the Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families (Bringing them home) - sometimes known as the "Stolen Generations" controversy. A second Australian inquiry was the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse which ran from 2013 to 2017. It investigated instances and allegations of child sexual abuse in Australia.[64]

The Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (the Ryan Commission) was established in Ireland in 2000 to investigate physical, sexual and emotional abuse and neglect in "a school, an industrial school, a reformatory school, an orphanage, a hospital, a children’s home and any other place where children are cared for other than as members of their families."[65]

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada was started in 2008 and between 2009 and 2015 it documented the history and lasting impacts of the Canadian Indian residential school system on Indigenous students and their families.  The final report in 2015 concluded that the school system (of which 70% was administered by Catholic schools and the remainder by schools of other religious denominations[66]) amounted to cultural genocide.[67] The Canadian National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, set up in 2007 at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, is the repository for material collected by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.[68]

References[]

  1. ^ "Child protection: Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry - gov.scot". Scottish Government. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ a b c "Scottish Child Abuse inquiry to be extended". BBC News. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  3. ^ "Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry". Aberdeen City Council. 7 January 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ "Terms of Reference, amended 21 June 2018". Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  5. ^ Marc Horne. "Child abuse inquiry costs soar as concern raised over compensation panel fees". The Times. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ "Costs for child abuse inquiry reach £30,000 a day - gov.scot". The Times. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ "Government delay setting up child abuse inquiry 'woeful and avoidable' - gov.scot". The Evening Standard. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Who we are". Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  9. ^ "About us". Penrose Inquiry. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  10. ^ "Professor blasts Scottish Government 'interference' as he steps down from child abuse inquiry". The Herald. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  11. ^ University, La Trobe. "Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry - Inquiry - Historical Abuse Inquiries Internationally". www.lib.latrobe.edu.au. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  12. ^ "Phase 1" (PDF). Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. 31 May 2017.
  13. ^ "Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry Hearings: Continuation of Phase 2". Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  14. ^ "Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry Hearings: Commencement of Phase 3". Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  15. ^ "Phase Four: Residential child care establishments run by male religious orders within the Roman Catholic Church". Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  16. ^ "Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry Hearings: Commencement of Phase 5". Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  17. ^ "Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry Hearings: Commencement of Phase 6". Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. 30 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  18. ^ "Phase 7: Foster Care Case Study". Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. Spring 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  19. ^ "Preliminary Hearing". Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ "List of Investigations". Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ^ a b "Case Study no. 1: The provision of residential care for children in Scotland by the Daughters of Charity of St Vincent de Paul between 1917 and 1981, with a particular focus on Smyllum Park Orphanage, Lanark, and Bellevue Children's Home, Rutherglen" (PDF). Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. October 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ a b "Case Study no. 2: The provision of residential care for children in Scotland by the Sisters of Nazareth between 1933 and 1984 in the Nazareth Houses in Aberdeen, Cardonald, Lasswade, and Kilmarnock" (PDF). Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ a b c d "Case Study no. 3: The provision of residential care for children in Scotland by Quarriers, Aberlour Child Care Trust, and Barnardo's between 1921 and 1991" (PDF). Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. January 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ a b "Case Study no. 4: The provision of residential care for children in Scotland by The Christian Brothers between 1953 and 1983 at St Ninian's Residential Care Home, Falkland, Fife" (PDF). Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. February 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ "Scottish private schools apologise to former pupils abused in their care". BBC News. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  26. ^ Wyllie, James (15 March 2021). "Child abuse inquiry to hear of experiences at Moray boarding school". The Press and Journal.
  27. ^ Wyllie, James (15 March 2021). "Crown Office to be investigated by child abuse inquiry over alleged failures". Scottish Legal News.
  28. ^ Wyllie, James (15 March 2021). "Case Study Findings". Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry.
  29. ^ "Child abuse inquiry says orphanages were places of 'threat and abuse'". BBC News. 11 October 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  30. ^ Anderson, Deborah (11 October 2018). "Kids suffered sexual abuse at Catholic run care homes, inquiry finds". Glasgow Evening Times. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ "Abuse inquiry: Nun tells of growing up in fear in care homes". BBC News. 1 December 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  32. ^ Blackstock, Gordon (8 September 2019). "Victims demand justice as Smyllum orphanage abuse case dropped following death of elderly accused". The Sunday Post. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  33. ^ Severin, Carrell (23 August 2018). "Nuns charged in Smyllum Park child abuse investigation". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ^ "Fort Augustus Abbey school was 'haven for paedophiles'". BBC News. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  35. ^ a b c "Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry: Children in charity homes 'did suffer abuse'". BBC News. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  36. ^ Carell, Severin (30 May 2019). "Children were abused at homes run by nuns, Scottish inquiry finds". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  37. ^ "Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry: School 'was a place of abuse and deprivation'". BBC News. 17 February 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  38. ^ "Christian Brothers apologise for abuse of boys at Fife school". Fife Today. 22 June 2017.
  39. ^ "Former teachers jailed for abusing boys at Fife residential school". BBC News. 12 August 2016.
  40. ^ Court reporter (30 September 2021). "Former St Joseph's School monk facing jail for catalogue of abuse and brutality against children". East Lothian Courier. Retrieved 30 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ^ "'The whole thing is a massive cover up': Survivor's anger after inquiry into abuse at Fife boys'". The Courier. 17 February 2021.
  42. ^ Chree, Gordon (14 February 2020). "Charity boss says sorry for abuse at children's homes". STV News. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  43. ^ "Abuse inquiry: Quarriers admits child migration was 'misguided and wrong'". BBC News. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  44. ^ "Fettes abuse accuser hails 'bittersweet victory' over extradition". BBC News. 12 August 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  45. ^ Lambie, Chris (7 January 2022). "Scottish child abuse inquiry's shadow reaches Nova Scotia". Saltwire Network, Canada. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  46. ^ "Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry: Gordonstoun uncovers 11 alleged abuse cases". BBC News. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  47. ^ Pooran, Neil (16 October 2021). "Gordounston head: 'Deeply painful' to hear past pupils' stories of abuse". The Scotsman. p. 18.
  48. ^ Gibsen, Darren (16 March 2021). "Trustees of former Dumbarton school 'unaware of abuse claims', inquiry told". Dumbarton and Vale of Leven Reporter. Retrieved 6 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  49. ^ Gibsen, Darren (30 March 2021). ""Profound sympathy" offered to Keil School victims at Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry". Dumbarton and Vale of Leven Reporter. Retrieved 6 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  50. ^ a b c d "Loretto School apologises for giving reference to sexual predator". BBC News. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  51. ^ Mitib, Ali (15 January 2022). "Abuse at top school 'like Lord of the Flies'". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  52. ^ "Scottish private schools apologise to former pupils abused in their care". BBC News. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  53. ^ O'Neill, Emma (30 March 2021). "'Safeguarding is our number one priority' - Merchiston School head defends boys-only establishments at abuse inquiry". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 6 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  54. ^ O'Neil, Emma (30 March 2021). "'Safeguarding is our number one priority' - Merchiston School head defends boys-only establishments at abuse inquiry". Edinburgh Evening News and The Scotsman. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  55. ^ "Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry told of Perthshire boarding school beatings". BBC News. 13 May 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  56. ^ Scott, Marion (26 January 2020). "'The secrecy surrounding Queen Victoria School must end': Victim tells how authorities turned a blind eye to years of abuse". The Sunday Post. Retrieved 6 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  57. ^ Scott, Marion (26 January 2020). "Child abuse inquiry: Angela Constance defends remit". BBC News. Retrieved 6 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  58. ^ Scott, Marion (26 January 2020). "'The whole thing is a massive cover up': Survivor's anger after inquiry into abuse at Fife boys' school". The Courier.
  59. ^ "Ex-senior judge Butler-Sloss to head child sex abuse inquiry". BBC News. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  60. ^ "Inquiry announces publication dates of final two investigation reports". Independent Inquiry Child Sexual Abuse. 4 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  61. ^ "Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry - the background". BBC News. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  62. ^ "Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry - Report Chapters". Historical institutional Abuse Inquiry. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  63. ^ "Frequently asked questions". Historical institutional Abuse Inquiry. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  64. ^ Donovan, Samantha (13 December 2017). "The sex abuse royal commission went to some dark places — here's a snapshot". ABC News. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  65. ^ "About the Commission". Child Abuse Commission, Ireland. 2000. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  66. ^ Staff (4 June 2021). "Your questions answered about Canada's residential school system". CBC news Canada.
  67. ^ "Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future. Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" (PDF). The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015.
  68. ^ "NCTR". The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
Retrieved from ""